{"facts":{"energy:f1":{"claim":"DOE, summarizing the LBNL report, says total U.S. data center electricity use rose from 58 TWh in 2014 to 176 TWh in 2023, and estimates it will reach between 325 and 580 TWh by 2028.","quote":"The report indicates that total data center electricity usage climbed from 58 TWh in 2014 to 176 TWh in 2023 and estimates an increase between 325 to 580 TWh by 2028.","source":{"title":"DOE Releases New Report Evaluating Increase in Electricity Demand from Data Centers","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers","date":"2024-12-20","type":"government"}},"energy:f2":{"claim":"DOE says data centers consumed about 4.4% of total U.S. electricity in 2023 and are expected to consume approximately 6.7% to 12% by 2028.","quote":"The report finds that data centers consumed about 4.4% of total U.S. electricity in 2023 and are expected to consume approximately 6.7 to 12% of total U.S. electricity by 2028.","source":{"title":"DOE Releases New Report Evaluating Increase in Electricity Demand from Data Centers","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers","date":"2024-12-20","type":"government"}},"energy:f3":{"claim":"LBNL's 2024 report says U.S. data centers consumed about 76 TWh in 2018, or 1.9% of total annual U.S. electricity consumption.","quote":"By 2018 data centers consumed about 76 TWh, representing 1.9% of total annual U.S. electricity consumption.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"energy:f4":{"claim":"LBNL's 2024 report says U.S. data center energy use reached 176 TWh in 2023, or 4.4% of total U.S. electricity consumption.","quote":"U.S. data center energy use has continued to grow at an increasing rate, reaching 176 TWh by 2023, representing 4.4% of total U.S. electricity consumption.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"energy:f5":{"claim":"LBNL's 2024 report projects U.S. data center electricity use of roughly 325 TWh (low end) to 580 TWh (high end) in 2028, equal to 6.7% to 12.0% of forecast 2028 U.S. electricity consumption.","quote":"Together, the scenario variations provide a range of total data center energy estimates, with the low and high end of roughly 325 and 580 TWh in 2028 ... This annual energy use also represents 6.7% to 12.0% of total U.S. electricity consumption forecasted for 2028.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"energy:f6":{"claim":"LBNL's 2024 report says growth in accelerated servers caused total data center energy demand to more than double between 2017 and 2023, and that continued growth in accelerated servers for AI could cause further substantial increases by the end of the decade.","quote":"Most notably, the rapid growth in accelerated servers has caused current total data center energy demand to more than double between 2017 and 2023, and continued growth in the use of accelerated servers for AI services could cause further substantial increases by the end of this decade.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"energy:f7":{"claim":"LBNL's 2024 report says that, assuming 50% average capacity utilization, its 2028 energy-use range translates to total data center power demand of 74 to 132 GW.","quote":"Assuming an average capacity utilization rate of 50%, this annual energy use range would translate to a total power demand for data centers between 74 and 132 GW.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"energy:f8":{"claim":"LBNL's 2025 Update estimates U.S. data center electricity use in 2024 at 192 TWh, or 4.7% of total U.S. electricity consumption.","quote":"The updated estimate of data center electricity use in 2024 is 192 terawatt-hours (TWh), accounting for 4.7% of total U.S. electricity consumption.","source":{"title":"United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt33m6w3x0/qt33m6w3x0.pdf","date":"2026-06","type":"national-lab"}},"energy:f9":{"claim":"LBNL's 2025 Update Reference Case forecasts 464 TWh of U.S. data center electricity use in 2028, which it says falls in the middle of the range in its 2024 report.","quote":"Meanwhile, our current Reference Case forecast for total electricity use in 2028 is 464 TWh, which falls in the middle of the range presented in the 2024 Report.","source":{"title":"United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt33m6w3x0/qt33m6w3x0.pdf","date":"2026-06","type":"national-lab"}},"energy:f10":{"claim":"LBNL's 2025 Update Reference Case estimates U.S. data center electricity use of 649 TWh in 2030, or 11.8% of forecast 2030 U.S. electricity use (based on NERC's 2025 Long-Term Reliability Assessment).","quote":"The Reference Case estimate for 2030 data center electricity use is 649 TWh, representing 11.8% of forecasted 2030 U.S. electricity use as presented in the 2025 North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Long-Term Reliability Assessment.","source":{"title":"United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt33m6w3x0/qt33m6w3x0.pdf","date":"2026-06","type":"national-lab"}},"energy:f11":{"claim":"LBNL's 2025 Update gives a combined uncertainty range of 521 to 843 TWh of U.S. data center electricity use in 2030, equal to 9.5% to 15.3% of total U.S. electricity use that year.","quote":"This yields a Compounded Uncertainty Range of 521–843 TWh, equal to 9.5–15.3% of total U.S. electricity use in 2030.","source":{"title":"United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt33m6w3x0/qt33m6w3x0.pdf","date":"2026-06","type":"national-lab"}},"energy:f12":{"claim":"LBNL's 2025 Update says that, assuming 50% average utilization, its Reference Case translates to 148 GW of interconnection capacity needed to serve data centers in 2030.","quote":"Assuming a 50% average utilization rate, the Reference Case electricity use projections translate to 148 gigawatts (GW) of interconnection capacity needed to serve data centers in 2030.","source":{"title":"United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt33m6w3x0/qt33m6w3x0.pdf","date":"2026-06","type":"national-lab"}},"energy:f13":{"claim":"The IEA's Base Case projects U.S. data center electricity consumption will increase by around 240 TWh (up 130%) by 2030 compared with 2024.","quote":"Consumption increases by around 240 TWh (up 130%) in the United States, compared to the 2024 level.","source":{"title":"Energy demand from AI – Energy and AI","publisher":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-demand-from-ai","date":"2025-04-10","type":"government"}},"energy:f14":{"claim":"The IEA says the United States had the highest per-capita data center electricity consumption, at around 540 kWh in 2024.","quote":"By contrast, the United States has the highest per-capita data centre consumption, at around 540 kWh in 2024.","source":{"title":"Energy demand from AI – Energy and AI","publisher":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-demand-from-ai","date":"2025-04-10","type":"government"}},"energy:f15":{"claim":"The IEA says data centers account for nearly half of U.S. electricity demand growth between now (2025) and 2030.","quote":"In the United States, data centres account for nearly half of electricity demand growth between now and 2030.","source":{"title":"Executive summary – Energy and AI","publisher":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary","date":"2025-04-10","type":"government"}},"energy:f16":{"claim":"The IEA says a conventional data center may be around 10 to 25 MW in size.","quote":"A conventional data centre may be around 10-25 megawatts (MW) in size.","source":{"title":"Understanding the energy-AI nexus – Energy and AI","publisher":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/understanding-the-energy-ai-nexus","date":"2025-04-10","type":"government"}},"energy:f17":{"claim":"The IEA says a hyperscale, AI-focused data center can have a capacity of 100 MW or more, consuming as much electricity annually as 100,000 households.","quote":"A hyperscale, AI-focused data centre can have a capacity of 100 MW or more, consuming as much electricity annually as 100 000 households.","source":{"title":"Understanding the energy-AI nexus – Energy and AI","publisher":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/understanding-the-energy-ai-nexus","date":"2025-04-10","type":"government"}},"energy:f18":{"claim":"The IEA says a typical AI-focused data center consumes as much electricity as 100,000 households, and the largest ones under construction (as of 2025) will consume 20 times as much.","quote":"A typical AI-focused data centre consumes as much electricity as 100 000 households, but the largest ones under construction today will consume 20 times as much.","source":{"title":"Executive summary – Energy and AI","publisher":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary","date":"2025-04-10","type":"government"}},"energy:f19":{"claim":"NERC says traditional data centers have historically been smaller, under 30 MW in many cases.","quote":"Traditional data centers have historically been characterized by their smaller size (under 30 MW in many cases) and limited variability.","source":{"title":"Characteristics and Risks of Emerging Large Loads","publisher":"North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)","url":"https://www.nerc.com/globalassets/who-we-are/standing-committees/rstc/whitepaper-characteristics-and-risks-of-emerging-large-loads.pdf","date":"2025-07","type":"other"}},"energy:f20":{"claim":"EIA said in January 2026 that it expects U.S. electricity use to grow 1% in 2026 and 3% in 2027, and that the driving factor is increasing demand from large computing centers.","quote":"EIA expects U.S. electricity use to grow by 1% this year and 3% in 2027. ... The driving factor behind this surge is increasing demand from large computing centers.","source":{"title":"EIA forecasts strongest four-year growth in U.S. electricity demand since 2000, fueled by data centers","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/pressroom/releases/press582.php","date":"2026-01-13","type":"government"}},"energy:f21":{"claim":"EIA estimates that servers alone accounted for 7% of U.S. commercial-sector electricity consumption in 2025.","quote":"Servers alone accounted for an estimated 7% of commercial sector electricity consumption in 2025.","source":{"title":"Data center server energy use grows across the commercial building stock","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=67704","date":"2026-05-19","type":"government"}},"energy:f22":{"claim":"EPRI (industry research) projects U.S. data centers will consume 9% to 17% of U.S. electricity by 2030, up from 4% to 5% at the time of its 2026 report.","quote":"EPRI projects data centers to consume 9% to 17% of U.S. electricity by 2030, up from 4% to 5% today, a 2-4x increase in annual electricity consumption.","source":{"title":"Powering Intelligence: Updated U.S. Data Center Scenarios","publisher":"Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)","url":"https://restservice.epri.com/publicattachment/97025","date":"2026","type":"ngo"}},"energy:f23":{"claim":"A January 2025 DOE page cites an earlier EPRI estimate that data centers could consume up to 9% of U.S. electricity generation annually by 2030, up from 4% of total load in 2023.","quote":"The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) estimates that data centers could grow to consume up to 9% of U.S. electricity generation annually by 2030, up from 4% of total load in 2023.","source":{"title":"Clean Energy Resources to Meet Data Center Electricity Demand","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://www.energy.gov/oe/clean-energy-resources-meet-data-center-electricity-demand","date":"2025-01-14","type":"government"}},"energy:f24":{"claim":"Synergy Research Group (an industry analyst firm) says the number of large data centers operated by hyperscale providers worldwide was 1,136 at the end of 2024, based on the footprint of 19 major cloud and internet firms; this is a worldwide count, not a U.S. count.","quote":"the number of large data centers operated by hyperscale providers increased to 1,136 at the end of 2024","source":{"title":"Hyperscale Data Center Count Hits 1,136; Average Size Increases; US Accounts for 54% of Total Capacity","publisher":"Synergy Research Group","url":"https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/hyperscale-data-center-count-hits-1136-average-size-increases-us-accounts-for-54-of-total-capacity","date":"2025-03-19","type":"other"}},"energy:f25":{"claim":"Synergy Research Group (December 2025 release, Q3 2025 data) says the number of large data centers operated by hyperscale providers worldwide had climbed to 1,297, and the U.S. accounted for 55% of worldwide hyperscale operational capacity (a capacity share, not a facility count).","quote":"New Q3 data from Synergy Research Group shows that the number of large data centers operated by hyperscale providers has climbed to 1,297 worldwide, nearly tripling since early 2018. ... The US now accounts for 55% of worldwide hyperscale operational capacity, up from 52% three years ago","source":{"title":"Hyperscale Spending Spree is Driving Dramatic Growth in Data Center Capacity","publisher":"Synergy Research Group","url":"https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/hyperscale-spending-spree-is-driving-dramatic-growth-in-data-center-capacity","date":"2025-12-19","type":"other"}},"energy:f26":{"claim":"The Census Bureau reports, citing the Bureau of Labor Statistics, that the number of people working in data centers grew from 306,000 in 2016 to 501,000 in 2023 (an employment figure, not a count of facilities).","quote":"The number of people working in data centers grew from 306,000 to 501,000 between 2016 and 2023, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.","source":{"title":"Employment in Data Centers Increased by More Than 60% From 2016 to 2023 But Growth Was Uneven Across the United States","publisher":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2025/01/data-centers.html","date":"2025-01-06","type":"government"}},"energy:f27":{"claim":"NERC's 2025 Long-Term Reliability Assessment (covering the continental U.S., Canada and northern Baja California) forecasts aggregate summer peak demand rising by over 224 GW over 10 years, and says new data centers for AI and the digital economy account for most of the projected increase.","quote":"Over the 10-year period, aggregated assessment area summer peak demand is forecast to rise by over 224 GW. ... New data centers for artificial intelligence and the digital economy account for most of the projected increase in North American electricity demand over the next 10 years.","source":{"title":"2025 Long-Term Reliability Assessment","publisher":"North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)","url":"https://www.nerc.com/globalassets/our-work/assessments/nerc_ltra_2025.pdf","date":"2026-01","type":"other"}},"energy:f28":{"claim":"PJM's 2026 Long-Term Load Forecast projects summer peak of approximately 222,000 MW in 2036 (a 10-year increase of nearly 66,000 MW), and PJM contrasts this with the 0.3% per year 10-year growth rate in its 2021 forecast when discussing data centers' impact.","quote":"The summer peak is forecasted to be approximately 222,000 MW in 2036, a 10-year increase of nearly 66,000 MW ... For perspective on how data centers have impacted the long-term outlook, the 10-year average annual growth rate estimated in the 2021 Long-Term Load Forecast was 0.3% per year","source":{"title":"PJM's Updated 20-Year Forecast Continues To See Significant Long-Term Load Growth","publisher":"PJM Interconnection","url":"https://insidelines.pjm.com/pjms-updated-20-year-forecast-continues-to-see-significant-long-term-load-growth/","date":"2026-01-14","type":"utility"}},"energy:f29":{"claim":"ERCOT's preliminary April 2026 long-term forecast projects approximately 367,790 MW of demand in the ERCOT region by 2032, versus an all-time peak of 85,508 MW set on August 10, 2023.","quote":"The current forecast projects approximately 367,790 MW of demand in the ERCOT Region by 2032. ... ERCOT's all-time peak demand is 85,508 MW, recorded on August 10, 2023.","source":{"title":"ERCOT Releases Preliminary Long-Term Load Forecast for Years 2026–2032 for PUCT Discussion","publisher":"Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT)","url":"https://www.ercot.com/news/release/04152026-ercot-releases-preliminary","date":"2026-04-15","type":"utility"}},"energy:f30":{"claim":"ERCOT says the large-load customers in its forecast include data centers, cryptocurrency mining, industrial, and oil and gas processes.","quote":"Large load customers reflect load types such as data centers, cryptocurrency mining, industrial, and oil and gas processes.","source":{"title":"ERCOT Releases Preliminary Long-Term Load Forecast for Years 2026–2032 for PUCT Discussion","publisher":"Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT)","url":"https://www.ercot.com/news/release/04152026-ercot-releases-preliminary","date":"2026-04-15","type":"utility"}},"energy:f31":{"claim":"Dominion Energy says it serves the largest data center market in the world, with a 2025 coincident data center peak of 4 GW.","quote":"the Company currently serves the largest data center market in the world with a 2025 coincident peak of 4 GW.","source":{"title":"Dominion Energy data center load forecast documentation submitted to PJM (letter from Stan Blackwell, Director – Data Center Practice)","publisher":"Dominion Energy (posted by PJM Interconnection)","url":"https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/planning/res-adeq/load-forecast/dominion-documentation.pdf","date":"2026-01-06","type":"utility"}},"energy:f32":{"claim":"Dominion Energy says its data center contracts had a capacity value of 47 GW as of July 2025, but it forecasts 16.6 GW of data center demand by 2046, noting the difference between capacity and demand.","quote":"as of July 2025, the capacity value of these contracts is 47 GW (9.8 ESA + 7.1 CLOA + 30.1 ELOA). The Company is forecasting 16.6 GW of demand by 2046, not the 47 GW of capacity. This difference highlights the difference between capacity and demand.","source":{"title":"Dominion Energy data center load forecast documentation submitted to PJM (letter from Stan Blackwell, Director – Data Center Practice)","publisher":"Dominion Energy (posted by PJM Interconnection)","url":"https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/planning/res-adeq/load-forecast/dominion-documentation.pdf","date":"2026-01-06","type":"utility"}},"water:f1":{"claim":"An Environmental Law Institute fact sheet, citing Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, says U.S. data centers directly consumed about 21.2 billion liters of water in 2014 and 66 billion liters in 2023.","quote":"U.S. data centers directly consumed approximately 21.2 billion liters of water in 2014 and 66 billion liters in 2023.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water Fact Sheet","publisher":"Environmental Law Institute","url":"https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/Data%20Centers%20and%20Water%20Fact%20Sheet%20ELI%20January%202026%20(1).pdf","date":"2026-01","type":"ngo"}},"water:f2":{"claim":"The same fact sheet, citing Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, says the 176 TWh of electricity used by data centers in 2023 resulted in 800 billion liters of water consumed indirectly through electricity generation.","quote":"the 176 TWh of electricity used by data centers in 2023 resulted in 800 billion liters of water consumed indirectly through electricity generation","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water Fact Sheet","publisher":"Environmental Law Institute","url":"https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/Data%20Centers%20and%20Water%20Fact%20Sheet%20ELI%20January%202026%20(1).pdf","date":"2026-01","type":"ngo"}},"water:f3":{"claim":"Western Water reports that a study cited in a July 31, 2026 Congressional Research Service report (R49057) estimated that U.S. data centers directly used about 17 billion gallons of water in 2023, compared with about 5.6 billion gallons in 2014.","quote":"One study cited by the Congressional Research Service estimated that U.S. data centers directly used approximately 17 billion gallons of water in 2023. That compares with about 5.6 billion gallons in 2014.","source":{"title":"DATA CENTERS AND WATER: What Congress found","publisher":"Western Water","url":"https://www.western-water.com/2026/08/07/data-centers-and-water-what-congress-found/","date":"2026-08-07","type":"news"}},"water:f4":{"claim":"EESI says a federal report estimated the indirect water consumption footprint (from electricity use) of U.S. data centers was roughly 211 billion gallons in 2023.","quote":"A federal report estimated that the indirect water consumption footprint (from electricity use) of data centers in the United States was roughly 211 billion gallons in 2023.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water Consumption","publisher":"Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI)","url":"https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/data-centers-and-water-consumption","date":"2025-06-25","type":"ngo"}},"water:f5":{"claim":"EESI says one report estimated U.S. data centers consume 449 million gallons of water per day and 163.7 billion gallons annually, as of 2021.","quote":"One report estimated that U.S. data centers consume 449 million gallons of water per day and 163.7 billion gallons annually (as of 2021).","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water Consumption","publisher":"Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI)","url":"https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/data-centers-and-water-consumption","date":"2025-06-25","type":"ngo"}},"water:f6":{"claim":"A 2021 peer-reviewed study (Siddik, Shehabi and Marston, Environmental Research Letters) says data centers require water both directly for liquid cooling and indirectly to produce electricity, and that one-fifth of data center servers' direct water footprint comes from moderately to highly water-stressed watersheds.","quote":"Large amounts of water are also required to operate data centers, both directly for liquid cooling and indirectly to produce electricity. ... Our bottom-up approach reveals one-fifth of data center servers direct water footprint comes from moderately to highly water stressed watersheds","source":{"title":"The environmental footprint of data centers in the United States","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Environmental Research Letters)","url":"https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/environmental-footprint-data-centers","date":"2021-05","type":"academic"}},"water:f7":{"claim":"The same 2021 study says nearly half of U.S. data center servers are fully or partially powered by power plants located within water-stressed regions.","quote":"nearly half of servers are fully or partially powered by power plants located within water stressed regions.","source":{"title":"The environmental footprint of data centers in the United States","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Environmental Research Letters)","url":"https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/environmental-footprint-data-centers","date":"2021-05","type":"academic"}},"water:f8":{"claim":"USGS defines water withdrawal as water removed from the ground or diverted from a surface-water source for use.","quote":"Water removed from the ground or diverted from a surface-water source for use.","source":{"title":"Water Use Terminology","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/water-use-terminology","date":"n.d.","type":"government"}},"water:f9":{"claim":"USGS defines consumptive use as the part of water withdrawn that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into products or crops, consumed, or otherwise not available for immediate use.","quote":"The part of water withdrawn that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise not available for immediate use.","source":{"title":"Water Use Terminology","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/water-use-terminology","date":"n.d.","type":"government"}},"water:f10":{"claim":"The Green Grid defines Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE) as annual water usage divided by IT equipment energy, expressed in liters per kilowatt-hour.","quote":"The metric for water usage in the data center is defined at a high level as: Annual Water Usage / IT Equipment Energy ... The units of WUE are liters/kilowatt-hour (L/kWh).","source":{"title":"Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE): A Green Grid Data Center Sustainability Metric (White Paper #35)","publisher":"The Green Grid","url":"https://www.thegreengrid.org/system/files/store/WUE_v1.pdf","date":"2011","type":"ngo"}},"water:f11":{"claim":"The Green Grid says annual site water usage for WUE includes water consumed for cooling, including cooling tower evaporation, blowdown and drift.","quote":"Water consumed for cooling the data center or data center–associated power-generating equipment (including cooling tower evaporation, blowdown, and drift)","source":{"title":"Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE): A Green Grid Data Center Sustainability Metric (White Paper #35)","publisher":"The Green Grid","url":"https://www.thegreengrid.org/system/files/store/WUE_v1.pdf","date":"2011","type":"ngo"}},"water:f12":{"claim":"The U.S. Department of Energy's Federal Energy Management Program describes the condenser water loop carrying heat to a cooling tower, where an evaporative process removes the heat to the atmosphere.","quote":"The condenser water loop carries the heat to the cooling tower where the evaporative process extracts the heat and dissipates it to the surrounding atmosphere.","source":{"title":"Cooling Water Efficiency Opportunities for Federal Data Centers","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program","url":"https://www.energy.gov/cmei/femp/cooling-water-efficiency-opportunities-federal-data-centers","date":"2019-01-09","type":"government"}},"water:f13":{"claim":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's 2024 report says water evaporation in cooling towers has raised concerns about data center water consumption and availability at the local level.","quote":"The water evaporation process in cooling towers has raised concerns regarding data center water consumption and availability at the local level.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"water:f14":{"claim":"The Environmental Law Institute says evaporative cooling combines air cooling with open-loop water evaporation, and that about 80% of the water drawn is lost to evaporation and 20% is discharged.","quote":"Combines air cooling with open-loop water evaporation to cool air in the data center. Approximately 80% of water drawn is lost to evaporation and 20% is discharged.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water Fact Sheet","publisher":"Environmental Law Institute","url":"https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/Data%20Centers%20and%20Water%20Fact%20Sheet%20ELI%20January%202026%20(1).pdf","date":"2026-01","type":"ngo"}},"water:f15":{"claim":"The Environmental Law Institute says air cooling can have low water requirements when ambient air is cold ('free' cooling) or may require cooling towers.","quote":"Air conditioning, fans, and vents used to expel hot air and intake cool air. This can have low water requirements if ambient air temperature is cold (e.g. 'free' cooling), or may require cooling towers.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water Fact Sheet","publisher":"Environmental Law Institute","url":"https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/Data%20Centers%20and%20Water%20Fact%20Sheet%20ELI%20January%202026%20(1).pdf","date":"2026-01","type":"ngo"}},"water:f16":{"claim":"The Environmental Law Institute says direct-to-chip liquid cooling pumps liquid, most commonly pure water or a glycol mix, through microchannels on the chip surface and runs in a closed-loop system to a chiller.","quote":"Liquid is pumped through microchannels directly on the chips surface to absorb heat. Most commonly use pure water or a glycol mix of liquid and run in a closed-loop system to a chiller.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water Fact Sheet","publisher":"Environmental Law Institute","url":"https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/Data%20Centers%20and%20Water%20Fact%20Sheet%20ELI%20January%202026%20(1).pdf","date":"2026-01","type":"ngo"}},"water:f17":{"claim":"The Environmental Law Institute says data centers using reclaimed water often treat and store it on-site, reducing peak demand on utilities, but that reclaimed water used this way is not returned to the local watershed.","quote":"Data centers that use reclaimed water will often treat the water themselves on-site and have a water storage system, reducing their peak demand impact on a water utility. But even when facilities use reclaimed water, that water is not being returned to the local watershed where it is needed.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water Fact Sheet","publisher":"Environmental Law Institute","url":"https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/Data%20Centers%20and%20Water%20Fact%20Sheet%20ELI%20January%202026%20(1).pdf","date":"2026-01","type":"ngo"}},"water:f18":{"claim":"Virginia's Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (2024) found most data centers use about the same amount of water as, or less than, an average large office building, though a few use substantially more and some use less than a typical household.","quote":"Most data centers use about the same amount of water or less as an average large office building, although a few require substantially more, and some require less than a typical household.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission, Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"water:f19":{"claim":"JLARC says the amount of water a data center uses depends on its size, computing density and type of cooling system.","quote":"The amount of water a data center uses depends on its size, computing density, and type of cooling system.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission, Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"water:f20":{"claim":"EESI, citing The Washington Post, says larger data centers can each use up to 5 million gallons of water per day.","quote":"Larger data centers can each 'drink' up to 5 million gallons per day, or about 1.8 billion annually, usage equivalent to a town of 10,000 to 50,000 people.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water Consumption","publisher":"Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI)","url":"https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/data-centers-and-water-consumption","date":"2025-06-25","type":"ngo"}},"water:f21":{"claim":"DatacenterDynamics, citing The Oregonian/OregonLive, reported that Google's facilities in The Dalles, Oregon, consumed 355.1 million gallons of water in 2021; the article also says Google accounts for 29 percent of the city's total consumption (in a passage following comments by WaterWatch's John DeVoe).","quote":"In 2021, the company's facilities consumed 355.1 million gallons of water, The Oregonian/OregonLive reports. ... He said that the city's overall water use has doubled from 2002 to 2021 ... Google accounts for 29 percent of the city's total consumption.","source":{"title":"We now know how much water Google's Oregon data centers use, after city drops lawsuit against journalists","publisher":"DatacenterDynamics","url":"https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/we-now-know-how-much-water-googles-oregon-data-centers-use-after-city-drops-lawsuit-against-journalists/","date":"2022-12-19","type":"news"}},"water:f22":{"claim":"Axios, citing West Des Moines Water Works data, reported that Microsoft's five West Des Moines, Iowa, data centers consumed as much as 11.5 million gallons of water a month for cooling, about 6% of the city's total usage during peak summer usage in the two years before September 2023.","quote":"consumed as much as 11.5 million gallons of water a month for cooling, or about 6% of WDM's total usage during peak summer usage during the last two years.","source":{"title":"Microsoft's AI epicenter is an Iowa water hog","publisher":"Axios Des Moines","url":"https://www.axios.com/local/des-moines/2023/09/18/ai-iowa-epicenter-microsoft-water-useage-data-center","date":"2023-09-18","type":"news"}},"water:f23":{"claim":"Loudoun Water (Virginia) says it built the first pipelines of its reclaimed water system in 2010 to supply irrigation and industrial cooling water to the county's data center industry, and the system has since grown to 20 miles of pipeline.","quote":"In 2010 Loudoun Water constructed the first pipelines of the reclaimed water distribution system to supply irrigation and industrial cooling water to Loudoun County's rapidly growing data center industry. The reclaimed water distribution system has since expanded to 20 miles of pipeline.","source":{"title":"Reclaimed Water Program","publisher":"Loudoun Water","url":"https://www.loudounwater.org/commercial-customers/reclaimed-water-program","date":"2026","type":"utility"}},"water:f24":{"claim":"Loudoun Water says it delivered more than 750 million gallons of reclaimed water to customers in 2025.","quote":"In 2025, Loudoun Water delivered more than 750 million gallons of reclaimed water to customers, helping to save an equal amount of potable drinking water.","source":{"title":"Reclaimed Water Program","publisher":"Loudoun Water","url":"https://www.loudounwater.org/commercial-customers/reclaimed-water-program","date":"2026","type":"utility"}},"water:f25":{"claim":"Google says it consumed 10.9 billion gallons of water across its data centers and offices in 2025 (company-reported).","quote":"In 2025, we consumed 10.9 billion gallons (41 billion liters or 41 million cubic meters) of water across our data centers and offices.","source":{"title":"Google 2026 Environmental Report","publisher":"Google","url":"https://sustainability.google/files/google-2026-environmental-report.pdf","date":"2026-06","type":"company"}},"water:f26":{"claim":"Google says its water consumption increased 34% from 2024 to 2025 (company-reported).","quote":"Our water consumption increased 34% from 2024 to 2025 as we continued to meet the world's increasing demand for digital services.","source":{"title":"Google 2026 Environmental Report","publisher":"Google","url":"https://sustainability.google/files/google-2026-environmental-report.pdf","date":"2026-06","type":"company"}},"water:f27":{"claim":"Google says that in locations with high water risk it looks for alternatives such as air-cooling or recycled water (company claim).","quote":"We evaluate the local water source for each data center, using a science-based framework to assess watershed health. In locations with high water risk, we look for alternatives like air-cooling or recycled water.","source":{"title":"Water - Google Data Centers","publisher":"Google","url":"https://datacenters.google/water/","date":"2026","type":"company"}},"water:f28":{"claim":"Google says its Georgia (Douglas County) data centers were among the first in the industry to use recycled industrial water for server cooling, beginning in 2012 (company claim).","quote":"our facilities in the region are among the first in the industry to use recycled industrial water to cool our servers.","source":{"title":"Douglas County, Georgia - Google Data Centers","publisher":"Google","url":"https://datacenters.google/locations/douglas-county-georgia/","date":"2026","type":"company"}},"water:f29":{"claim":"Microsoft reports total company water consumption of 8,170 megaliters in fiscal year 2025 (July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2025), up from 3,990 megaliters in FY20 (company-reported).","quote":"Table 8 – Water and effluents (ML) ... Total water consumption 3,990 4,794 5,329 5,818 6,693 8,170","source":{"title":"2026 Environmental Sustainability Report Data Fact Sheet","publisher":"Microsoft","url":"https://cdn-dynmedia-1.microsoft.com/is/content/microsoftcorp/microsoft/msc/documents/presentations/CSR/2026-Microsoft-Environmental-Data-Fact-Sheet-PDF.pdf","date":"2026","type":"company"}},"water:f30":{"claim":"Microsoft says its new zero-water-for-cooling datacenter design recycles water through a closed loop that, once filled during construction, circulates between servers and chillers without a fresh water supply (company claim).","quote":"These new liquid cooling technologies recycle water through a closed loop. Once the system is filled during construction, it will continually circulate water between the servers and chillers to dissipate heat without requiring a fresh water supply.","source":{"title":"Sustainable by design: Next-generation datacenters consume zero water for cooling","publisher":"Microsoft","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-cloud/blog/2024/12/09/sustainable-by-design-next-generation-datacenters-consume-zero-water-for-cooling/","date":"2024-12-09","type":"company"}},"water:f31":{"claim":"Meta reports its data centers consumed 2,974 megaliters of water in 2024 (company-reported).","quote":"Water Consumption (in megaliters) ... Data centers total 2,197 162 2,511 2,938 2,974","source":{"title":"Meta 2025 Environmental Data Index","publisher":"Meta","url":"https://sustainability.atmeta.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Meta_2025-Environmental-Data-Index.pdf","date":"2025-10","type":"company"}},"water:f32":{"claim":"Meta says that at data centers with its closed-loop, direct-to-chip liquid cooling with dry coolers, there is no operational water use in the cooling system and site water use is minimal, limited to domestic and janitorial needs, equipment cleaning and fire protection (company claim).","quote":"For these data centers, there is no operational water use in the cooling system and water use at the site is minimal and limited to domestic and janitorial needs, equipment cleaning, and fire protection.","source":{"title":"Advancing Water Stewardship in Our Data Center Communities","publisher":"Meta","url":"https://about.fb.com/news/2025/12/advancing-water-stewardship-in-metas-data-center-communities/","date":"2025-12-17","type":"company"}},"env:f1":{"claim":"IEA (2025) estimated emissions from data centre electricity use at 180 million tonnes today, growing to 300 Mt by 2035 in its Base Case and up to 500 Mt in its Lift-Off Case.","quote":"Emissions from electricity use by data centres grows from 180 million tonnes (Mt) today to 300 Mt in the Base Case by 2035, and up to 500 Mt in the Lift-Off Case.","source":{"title":"Energy and AI – Executive Summary","publisher":"International Energy Agency (IEA)","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary","date":"2025-04","type":"government"}},"env:f2":{"claim":"IEA (2025) said these emissions remain below 1.5% of total energy-sector emissions through 2035, but data centres are among the fastest-growing sources of emissions.","quote":"While these emissions remain below 1.5% of the total energy sector emissions in this period, data centres are among the fastest growing sources of emissions.","source":{"title":"Energy and AI – Executive Summary","publisher":"International Energy Agency (IEA)","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary","date":"2025-04","type":"government"}},"env:f3":{"claim":"IEA (2025) projected that over the next five years renewables meet nearly half of additional data centre electricity demand globally, followed by natural gas and coal, with nuclear growing in importance toward the end of the decade.","quote":"Over the next five years, renewables meet nearly half of the additional demand, followed by natural gas and coal, with nuclear starting to play an increasingly important role towards the end of this decade and beyond.","source":{"title":"Energy and AI – Energy supply for AI","publisher":"International Energy Agency (IEA)","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-supply-for-ai","date":"2025-04","type":"government"}},"env:f4":{"claim":"For the United States, IEA (2025) projected natural gas is the largest source of additional data centre supply (over 130 TWh through 2030), with renewables second (110 TWh added between 2024 and 2030).","quote":"Natural gas is the largest source of additional supply, adding over 130 TWh of annual generation until 2030. Renewables are the second-largest source of additional electricity supply, adding 110 TWh to the data centre electricity supply between 2024 and 2030.","source":{"title":"Energy and AI – Energy supply for AI","publisher":"International Energy Agency (IEA)","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-supply-for-ai","date":"2025-04","type":"government"}},"env:f5":{"claim":"LBNL reported U.S. data center energy use reached 176 TWh in 2023, 4.4% of total U.S. electricity consumption.","quote":"U.S. data center energy use has continued to grow at an increasing rate, reaching 176 TWh by 2023, representing 4.4% of total U.S. electricity consumption.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"env:f6":{"claim":"LBNL reported U.S. data center annual energy use was stable at about 60 TWh from 2014 to 2016.","quote":"U.S. data center annual energy use remained stable between 2014–2016 at about 60 TWh","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"env:f7":{"claim":"LBNL attributed the industry's avoidance of increased energy needs in that period to improved cooling and power management, higher server utilization, computational efficiency gains and reduced server idle power.","quote":"The efficiency strategies that allowed the industry to avoid increased energy needs during this period included improved cooling and power management, increased server utilization rates, increased computational efficiencies, and reduced server idle power.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"env:f8":{"claim":"LBNL defines Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) as total data center electricity demand divided by the electricity demand of the IT equipment.","quote":"Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) is defined as the total electricity demand of the data center divided by the electricity demand of the IT equipment.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"env:f9":{"claim":"Uptime Institute's 2025 survey found respondents' weighted-average annual PUE was 1.54, the sixth consecutive year the figure has virtually stood still.","quote":"In 2025, respondents' annual PUE had a weighted average of 1.54 (see Figure 2), marking the sixth consecutive year that this headline figure has virtually stood still.","source":{"title":"Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2025","publisher":"Uptime Institute","url":"https://datacenter.uptimeinstitute.com/rs/711-RIA-145/images/2025.Annual.Survey.Report.pdf","date":"2025-07","type":"other"}},"env:f10":{"claim":"Uptime Institute reported the industry's average PUE fell from 2.5 in 2007 to 1.65 in 2014.","quote":"The industry's average dropped quickly — from 2.5 in 2007 to 1.65 in 2014 — as operators first deployed the most practical and economical changes.","source":{"title":"Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2025","publisher":"Uptime Institute","url":"https://datacenter.uptimeinstitute.com/rs/711-RIA-145/images/2025.Annual.Survey.Report.pdf","date":"2025-07","type":"other"}},"env:f11":{"claim":"Google says its global data center fleet had an average annual PUE of 1.09 in 2025.","quote":"In 2025, the average annual power usage effectiveness for our global fleet of data centers was 1.09.","source":{"title":"Power usage effectiveness – Google Data Centers","publisher":"Google","url":"https://datacenters.google/efficiency/","date":"2026","type":"company"}},"env:f12":{"claim":"A preprint by Guidi, Dominici et al. estimated that U.S. data centers (Sept 2023–Aug 2024) used more than 4% of U.S. electricity, 56% from fossil fuels, generating more than 105 million tons CO2e (2.18% of 2023 U.S. emissions), and that their carbon intensity exceeded the U.S. average by 48%.","quote":"Our findings reveal that data centers accounted for more than 4% of total US electricity consumption - with 56% derived from fossil fuels - generating more than 105 million tons of CO₂e (2.18% of US emissions in 2023). Data centers' carbon intensity - the amount of CO₂e emitted per unit of electricity consumed - exceeded the US average by 48%.","source":{"title":"Environmental Burden of United States Data Centers in the Artificial Intelligence Era (arXiv preprint 2411.09786)","publisher":"arXiv (Guidi, Dominici, et al., Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09786","date":"2024-11-14","type":"academic"}},"env:f13":{"claim":"A Perspective article by Alex de Vries-Gao in Patterns estimated the carbon footprint of AI systems alone could be between 32.6 and 79.7 million tons of CO2 in 2025.","quote":"The carbon footprint of AI systems alone could be between 32.6 and 79.7 million tons of CO2 emissions in 2025","source":{"title":"The carbon and water footprints of data centers and what this could mean for artificial intelligence","publisher":"Patterns (Cell Press); author Alex de Vries-Gao","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666389925002788","date":"2026-01","type":"academic"}},"env:f14":{"claim":"Google says that in 2025, despite a 37% annual increase in electricity demand, it reduced operational emissions by 2% year-over-year while matching 100% of its electricity consumption with renewable energy purchases for the ninth consecutive year.","quote":"Notably, despite navigating our largest load growth in history — a 37% annual increase in electricity demand — we successfully reduced our operational emissions by 2% year-over-year while matching 100% of our electricity consumption with renewable energy purchases for the ninth consecutive year.","source":{"title":"Read Google's 2026 Environmental Report","publisher":"Google","url":"https://blog.google/company-news/outreach-and-initiatives/sustainability/2026-environmental-report/","date":"2026-06-30","type":"company"}},"env:f15":{"claim":"Axios reported (June 2026) that Google's greenhouse gas emissions rose 18%, the largest annual increase Google has reported, driven largely by manufacturing AI hardware, including chips and servers.","quote":"Greenhouse gas emissions rose 18%, the largest annual increase Google has reported, driven largely by manufacturing AI hardware, including chips and servers.","source":{"title":"Google's AI boom sends emissions, power use soaring","publisher":"Axios","url":"https://www.axios.com/2026/06/30/google-ai-boom-emissions-power-use","date":"2026-06-30","type":"news"}},"env:f16":{"claim":"Microsoft says that in FY25 it matched 100% of its annual electricity consumption with renewable energy.","quote":"In FY25, we achieved our milestone to match 100% of our annual electricity consumption with renewable energy.","source":{"title":"2026 Environmental Sustainability Report","publisher":"Microsoft","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/corporate-responsibility/topics/sustainability/report/","date":"2026","type":"company"}},"env:f17":{"claim":"ESG Today reported Microsoft's 2026 Environmental Sustainability Report showed its GHG emissions rising 25% over the prior year, driven by AI infrastructure buildout and a shift away from non-additional renewable energy certificates.","quote":"Microsoft released its 2026 Environmental Sustainability Report, revealing a significant jump in the tech giant's GHG footprint, with emissions rising 25% over the prior year, driven by an accelerating AI infrastructure buildout","source":{"title":"Microsoft's Carbon Footprint Jumps 25% as AI Buildout Challenges Climate Goals","publisher":"ESG Today","url":"https://www.esgtoday.com/microsofts-carbon-footprint-jumps-25-as-ai-buildout-challenges-climate-goals/","date":"2026-07-13","type":"news"}},"env:f18":{"claim":"Virginia's JLARC reported (Dec 2024) that Virginia has over 63 million square feet of data center space on 7,200 acres of land.","quote":"In total, Virginia has over 63 million square feet of data center space on 7,200 acres of land.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"env:f19":{"claim":"JLARC reported (Dec 2024) that nearly all current data centers use Tier 2 diesel generators, which Virginia DEQ allows to run only in emergencies or for routine maintenance testing.","quote":"Nearly all current data centers use 'Tier 2' diesel generators, which DEQ allows to run only in emergencies or as part of routine maintenance testing.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"env:f20":{"claim":"JLARC reported (Dec 2024) that data center diesel generators make up less than 4% of regional nitrogen oxide emissions in Northern Virginia.","quote":"in Northern Virginia, they make up less than 4 percent of regional emissions of nitrogen oxides","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"env:f21":{"claim":"Data Center Knowledge reported (May 2026) that Virginia DEQ concluded data center generators permitted as emergency units will be operated for extended periods under certain circumstances.","quote":"DEQ has also considered the permit history and operating profile for data center gen-sets that now strongly indicate that gen-sets permitted as emergency units will be operated for extended periods under certain circumstances.","source":{"title":"Virginia DEQ Revises Data Center Generator Rules as Community Pushback Builds","publisher":"Data Center Knowledge","url":"https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/build-design/virginia-deq-revises-data-center-generator-rules-as-community-pushback-builds","date":"2026-05-19","type":"news"}},"env:f22":{"claim":"Loudoun County states that on July 1, 2026, Virginia DEQ began mandating Tier 4-equivalent emissions standards for new or modified generators at data center sites.","quote":"On July 1, 2026, DEQ began mandating Tier 4-equivalent emissions standards for new or modified generators at data center sites.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Noise & Air Quality Concerns","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6405/Noise-Air-Quality-Concerns","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"env:f23":{"claim":"EPA states that stationary combustion turbines and stationary engines, common primary and backup power sources for data centers, are subject to federal NSPS and NESHAP air standards.","quote":"Stationary combustion turbines and stationary engines – common sources of primary and backup power for data centers – are subject to various new source performance standards (NSPS) for certain air emissions and national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP).","source":{"title":"Clean Air Act Resources for Data Centers","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/clean-air-act-resources-data-centers","date":"2026-09-14","type":"government"}},"env:f24":{"claim":"EPA states that engine hours run under DOE emergency orders do not count toward the 50 hours certain emergency engines may operate in non-emergency situations.","quote":"Therefore, any hours of engine operation pursuant to these emergency orders do not count toward the 50 hours that certain emergency engines are allowed to operate in non-emergency situations","source":{"title":"Clean Air Act Resources for Data Centers","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/clean-air-act-resources-data-centers","date":"2026-09-14","type":"government"}},"env:f25":{"claim":"Action News 5 reported (July 2025) that the Shelby County Health Department's approval of xAI's natural gas-fired turbines includes caps on the facility's 12-month rolling emission rates, which xAI must record monthly.","quote":"The health department's approval includes caps on the facility's 12-month rolling emission rates, which xAI is required to record and maintain monthly.","source":{"title":"Health dept. grants permit for xAI turbines","publisher":"Action News 5 (WMC)","url":"https://www.actionnews5.com/2025/07/02/health-dept-grants-permit-xai-turbines/","date":"2025-07-02","type":"news"}},"env:f26":{"claim":"Tennessee Lookout reported the NAACP and another group appealed the Shelby County Health Department's air permit for 15 gas turbines at xAI's South Memphis data center.","quote":"The NAACP and another group are challenging the Shelby County Health Department's decision to grant xAI an air permit for 15 gas turbines at its South Memphis data center, according to an appeal filed Wednesday.","source":{"title":"NAACP, others appeal xAI turbine permits for Memphis data center","publisher":"Tennessee Lookout","url":"https://tennesseelookout.com/briefs/naacp-others-appeal-xai-turbine-permits-for-memphis-data-center/","date":"2025-07-17","type":"news"}},"env:f27":{"claim":"According to the appeal (as reported by Tennessee Lookout), the xAI campus had up to 35 gas turbines on site capable of more than 420 MW before it sought permits.","quote":"The groups allege that the campus had up to 35 gas turbines on site capable of generating more than 420 megawatts of electricity before it sought permits.","source":{"title":"NAACP, others appeal xAI turbine permits for Memphis data center","publisher":"Tennessee Lookout","url":"https://tennesseelookout.com/briefs/naacp-others-appeal-xai-turbine-permits-for-memphis-data-center/","date":"2025-07-17","type":"news"}},"noise:f1":{"claim":"Loudoun County says data center noise comes from the basic machinery that keeps a facility running, including lighting, cooling, mechanical systems and the electricity to run them.","quote":"These include the basic machinery that keeps a data center up and running, including lighting, cooling, mechanical systems and the electricity needed to run them.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Noise & Air Quality Concerns","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6405/Noise-Air-Quality-Concerns","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"noise:f2":{"claim":"Loudoun County says noise also comes from HVAC units and emergency backup generators.","quote":"Noise also emanates from HVAC units and emergency backup generators.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Noise & Air Quality Concerns","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6405/Noise-Air-Quality-Concerns","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"noise:f3":{"claim":"Loudoun County says most data centers in the county run backup diesel generators for one hour once per week for mandatory testing.","quote":"The majority of data centers in Loudoun County run their backup diesel generators for one hour, once per week, for mandatory testing","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Noise & Air Quality Concerns","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6405/Noise-Air-Quality-Concerns","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"noise:f4":{"claim":"Loudoun County states that for residential properties the maximum allowable sound level at the property line is 55 dBA.","quote":"For residential properties, the maximum allowable sound level at the property line is 55 dBA.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Noise & Air Quality Concerns","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6405/Noise-Air-Quality-Concerns","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"noise:f5":{"claim":"Loudoun County's Zoning Ordinance requires data centers to submit a pre-construction noise study at site plan review and a post-construction noise study one to 12 months after the first Certificate of Occupancy.","quote":"Per the Loudoun County Zoning Ordinance, data centers are required to submit a pre-construction noise study at the time of site plan review as well as a post-construction noise study submitted at least one month but no more than 12 months after the issuance of the first Certificate of Occupancy.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Noise & Air Quality Concerns","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6405/Noise-Air-Quality-Concerns","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"noise:f6":{"claim":"Loudoun County says noise complaints are among the most persistent issues residents raise with county officials and frequently concern tonal noise.","quote":"Noise complaints, which residents may submit online, are among the most persistent issues brought forward to Loudoun County officials and frequently pertain to tonal noise.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Noise & Air Quality Concerns","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6405/Noise-Air-Quality-Concerns","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"noise:f7":{"claim":"Loudoun County says single-frequency tonal noise can be more aggravating than broadband background noise at similar volumes.","quote":"Broadly known as tonal noise, single frequency tones can be more aggravating to the human ear than broadband background noise at similar volumes.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Noise & Air Quality Concerns","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6405/Noise-Air-Quality-Concerns","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"noise:f8":{"claim":"Loudoun County says it has historically regulated noise with A-weighted decibel (dBA) standards, which focus on frequencies most audible to humans.","quote":"Loudoun County and many other localities have historically used decibel-based A-weighted sound measurement standards to regulate noise (dBA) because dBA measurements focus on the noise frequencies most audible to humans.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Noise & Air Quality Concerns","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6405/Noise-Air-Quality-Concerns","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"noise:f9":{"claim":"Loudoun County says the county does not currently have policy or regulatory language specific to tonal or low-frequency noise.","quote":"The county does not currently have policy or regulatory language specific to tonal noise or low frequency noise.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Noise & Air Quality Concerns","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6405/Noise-Air-Quality-Concerns","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"noise:f10":{"claim":"Loudoun County says effective approaches to low-frequency noise use multiple measurement types such as octave band and C-weighted (dBC) measures.","quote":"The most effective approaches to measuring and regulating such noise use multiple measurement types, such as octave band and C-Weighted decibel measures (dBC), which some localities utilize to better monitor and control noise across a range of frequencies.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Noise & Air Quality Concerns","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6405/Noise-Air-Quality-Concerns","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"noise:f11":{"claim":"Virginia's JLARC found (Dec 2024) that data centers emit low-frequency noise that is not loud enough to damage nearby residents' hearing and rarely loud enough to violate noise ordinances.","quote":"Data centers emit low-frequency noise that is not loud enough to damage nearby residents' hearing and rarely loud enough to violate noise ordinances.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"noise:f12":{"claim":"JLARC found (Dec 2024) that the constant nature of data center noise has sometimes been a problem near residential areas.","quote":"The constant nature of data center noise has sometimes been a problem when data centers are located near residential areas.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"noise:f13":{"claim":"JLARC found (Dec 2024) that a large majority of data centers do not generate noise complaints because of their location or design.","quote":"Although noise has been a problem for some data centers, a large majority of data centers do not generate noise complaints because of their location or design.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"noise:f14":{"claim":"JLARC noted (Dec 2024) that local noise ordinances typically target short-term loud noise and carry a low maximum civil penalty of $500.","quote":"Localities traditionally use noise ordinances to address noise concerns, but those typically target excessively loud noise from short-term sources, such as parties and barking dogs, and carry a low maximum civil penalty of $500.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"noise:f15":{"claim":"JLARC suggested (Dec 2024) the General Assembly consider expressly authorizing localities to set and enforce maximum sound levels for data centers, including alternative low-frequency noise metrics.","quote":"The General Assembly may wish to consider amending the Code of Virginia to expressly authorize local governments to establish and enforce maximum allowable sound levels for data center facilities, including (i) using alternative low frequency noise metrics","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"noise:f16":{"claim":"Virginia Code § 15.2-2209.5 requires localities, before approving rezoning or permits for a new facility needing 100 MW or more, to require a site assessment of its sound profile on homes and schools within 500 feet.","quote":"Prior to any approval of a rezoning application, special exception, or special use permit for the siting of a new HEUF, a locality shall require that an applicant perform and submit a site assessment to examine, to the extent practicable and within the timeline provided by subdivision A 7 of § 15.2-2286, the sound profile of the HEUF on residential units and schools located within 500 feet of the HEUF property boundary.","source":{"title":"Code of Virginia § 15.2-2209.5 (High energy use facilities; site assessment)","publisher":"Virginia General Assembly (Virginia Law Library)","url":"https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title15.2/chapter22/section15.2-2209.5/","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"noise:f17":{"claim":"The Prince William Times reported (Oct 2025) that Prince William County's adopted noise ordinance limits noise in industrial areas to 73 decibels during the day and 68 at night.","quote":"It limits daytime noise in industrial areas to 73 decibels during the day and 68 at night.","source":{"title":"Supervisors OK compromise noise ordinance aimed at data centers","publisher":"Prince William Times","url":"https://www.princewilliamtimes.com/news/supervisors-ok-compromise-noise-ordinance-aimed-at-data-centers/article_1288e464-5559-4c12-ab8f-2a28ca28d819.html","date":"2025-10-30","type":"news"}},"noise:f18":{"claim":"The Prince William Times reported the expert-drafted version (not adopted) would have cut industrial-area limits from 79 to 67 decibels by day and from 72 to 62 at night.","quote":"Among other things, it would have reduced acceptable noise limits in industrial areas from 79 to 67 decibels during the day and from 72 to 62 decibels at night.","source":{"title":"Supervisors OK compromise noise ordinance aimed at data centers","publisher":"Prince William Times","url":"https://www.princewilliamtimes.com/news/supervisors-ok-compromise-noise-ordinance-aimed-at-data-centers/article_1288e464-5559-4c12-ab8f-2a28ca28d819.html","date":"2025-10-30","type":"news"}},"noise:f19":{"claim":"The Prince William Times reported the county hired two consultants for about $2 million to write a noise ordinance targeting the low-frequency buzz behind resident complaints about data centers.","quote":"The county hired two expert consultants at a cost of about $2 million to write a new noise ordinance targeting the low-frequency buzz at the root of resident complaints about data centers.","source":{"title":"Supervisors OK compromise noise ordinance aimed at data centers","publisher":"Prince William Times","url":"https://www.princewilliamtimes.com/news/supervisors-ok-compromise-noise-ordinance-aimed-at-data-centers/article_1288e464-5559-4c12-ab8f-2a28ca28d819.html","date":"2025-10-30","type":"news"}},"noise:f20":{"claim":"The Prince William Times reported (March 2025) that Great Oak resident Carlos Yanes said his 7-year-old wakes up thinking there is a spaceship outside their house.","quote":"\"My 7-year-old wakes up and says he thinks there is a spaceship outside our house,\" said Carlos Yanes.","source":{"title":"Coming crackdown on data center noise likely won't bring relief to a community most affected","publisher":"Prince William Times","url":"https://www.princewilliamtimes.com/news/coming-crackdown-on-data-center-noise-likely-wont-bring-relief-to-a-community-most-affected/article_5307ae6c-fac1-11ef-89ef-13f721478913.html","date":"2025-03-06","type":"news"}},"noise:f21":{"claim":"The Prince William Times reported (March 2025) that Sarah Georgiades wrote that Amazon Web Services' recently completed sound study demonstrates its efforts have significantly reduced sound.","quote":"\"The data in our recently completed sound study demonstrates that (Amazon Web Services') efforts have significantly reduced sound,\" wrote Sarah Georgiades.","source":{"title":"Coming crackdown on data center noise likely won't bring relief to a community most affected","publisher":"Prince William Times","url":"https://www.princewilliamtimes.com/news/coming-crackdown-on-data-center-noise-likely-wont-bring-relief-to-a-community-most-affected/article_5307ae6c-fac1-11ef-89ef-13f721478913.html","date":"2025-03-06","type":"news"}},"noise:f22":{"claim":"Fairfax County's data center zoning amendment (approved Sept 10, 2024) requires data center buildings to be at least 200 feet from residential district lot lines or property.","quote":"Data center buildings must be at least 200 feet from the lot line of an adjacent or abutting residential district or property.","source":{"title":"Board of Supervisors Approves New Data Center Zoning Ordinance Amendment","publisher":"Fairfax County Government News Center","url":"https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news/board-supervisors-approve-new-data-center-zoning-ordinance-amendment","date":"2024-09-10","type":"government"}},"noise:f23":{"claim":"Fairfax County's amendment requires equipment such as backup generators to be 300 feet from residential lot lines or shielded from them by the data center building.","quote":"Equipment such as back-up generators must be 300 feet from the lot line of residential property or separated from the lot line of a residential district or residential property by the data center building.","source":{"title":"Board of Supervisors Approves New Data Center Zoning Ordinance Amendment","publisher":"Fairfax County Government News Center","url":"https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news/board-supervisors-approve-new-data-center-zoning-ordinance-amendment","date":"2024-09-10","type":"government"}},"noise:f24":{"claim":"Fairfax County's amendment requires that, in all districts where data centers are allowed, all equipment be enclosed or screened by a wall or similar barrier to reduce visual and noise impacts.","quote":"In all districts where data centers are allowed, all equipment must be enclosed or screened by a wall or similar barrier to reduce visual and noise impacts.","source":{"title":"Board of Supervisors Approves New Data Center Zoning Ordinance Amendment","publisher":"Fairfax County Government News Center","url":"https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news/board-supervisors-approve-new-data-center-zoning-ordinance-amendment","date":"2024-09-10","type":"government"}},"noise:f25":{"claim":"Fairfax County's amendment requires pre- and post-construction noise studies to ensure compliance with the county Noise Ordinance.","quote":"Pre- and post-construction noise studies must be submitted to ensure compliance with the Noise Ordinance.","source":{"title":"Board of Supervisors Approves New Data Center Zoning Ordinance Amendment","publisher":"Fairfax County Government News Center","url":"https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news/board-supervisors-approve-new-data-center-zoning-ordinance-amendment","date":"2024-09-10","type":"government"}},"noise:f26":{"claim":"Fairfax County staff noted (May 2024) that the county Noise Ordinance exempts routine backup-generator testing and maintenance between 7 a.m. and 9 p.m. for up to two hours per day.","quote":"The Noise Ordinance includes exceptions for the routine testing and maintenance of backup generators (between 7 a.m. – 9 p.m. for up to two hours per day).","source":{"title":"Fairfax County Proposed Zoning Ordinance Amendment: Staff Report — Data Centers","publisher":"Fairfax County Department of Planning and Development","url":"https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/planning-development/sites/planning-development/files/Assets/Documents/zoning/data-centers/data-centers-staff-report.pdf","date":"2024-05-17","type":"government"}},"noise:f27":{"claim":"A December 2022 Chandler, Arizona council memo recommends adopting Ordinance No. 5033 (Zoning Code Amendment PLH22-0053, Data Centers), which would require sound mitigation so data center sound levels do not exceed ambient levels observed in the baseline study.","quote":"The Data Center must be designed and built to incorporate sound mitigation methods sufficient to prevent the sound levels emanating from the Data Center (as determined by a third-party acoustic engineer) from exceeding the ambient noise levels that were observed in the baseline study.","source":{"title":"City Council Memorandum, Development Services Memo No. 22-057FA (PLH22-0053, Ordinance No. 5033)","publisher":"City of Chandler, Arizona","url":"https://www.chandleraz.gov/sites/default/files/departments/development-services/PLH22-0053-Council-Memo.pdf","date":"2022-12-08","type":"government"}},"noise:f28":{"claim":"Chandler's ordinance, in effect since January 2023, requires annual noise studies during peak operation for five years after construction.","quote":"Requires the data center to conduct an annual noise study during peak operation times for five years once construction of the data center is complete","source":{"title":"Chandler's data center ordinance now in effect","publisher":"City of Chandler, Arizona","url":"https://www.chandleraz.gov/news-center/chandlers-data-center-ordinance-now-effect","date":"2023-01-11","type":"government"}},"why:f1":{"claim":"The Congressional Research Service (report updated May 2026) says that, in its simplest form, a data center is a physical facility that houses and runs large computer systems.","quote":"In its simplest form, a data center is a physical facility that houses and runs large computer systems.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (CRS R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (text via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48646.html","date":"2026-05-12","type":"government"}},"why:f2":{"claim":"A 2026 CRS report defines a data center as a physical facility housing servers, data storage devices and network equipment that can provide IT infrastructure services for storing, managing, processing and transmitting large amounts of data.","quote":"A data center is a physical facility housing computer servers, data storage devices, and network equipment that can provide information technology (IT) infrastructure services for storing, managing, processing, and transmitting large amounts of data.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and the Electricity Grid: Frequently Asked Questions (CRS R49326)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (text via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49326.html","date":"2026-09-01","type":"government"}},"why:f3":{"claim":"CRS describes 'cloud data centers' as geographically distributed, interconnected data centers operated by online service providers that let multiple users remotely access computing resources such as chips, software, storage, networks and applications.","quote":"Some online service providers operate geographically distributed and interconnected data centers and allow multiple users to remotely access computing resources such as data processing chips, software, data storage, networks, and applications hosted by these data centers, which are called \"cloud data centers.\"","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (CRS R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (text via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48646.html","date":"2026-05-12","type":"government"}},"why:f4":{"claim":"According to CRS, a hyperscale data center should contain at least 5,000 servers, occupy at least 10,000 square feet and have a power rating exceeding 100 megawatts.","quote":"To be considered a hyperscale data center, a facility should contain at least 5,000 computer servers and a large scale of network equipment and occupy at least 10,000 square feet of physical space, with an electric power rating, sometimes referred to as power draw, exceeding 100 megawatts (MW).","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (CRS R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (text via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48646.html","date":"2026-05-12","type":"government"}},"why:f5":{"claim":"The Bureau of Labor Statistics describes the data processing and hosting subsector (NAICS 518) as establishments that provide the infrastructure for hosting and/or data processing services.","quote":"Industries in the Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services subsector group establishments that provide the infrastructure for hosting and/or data processing services.","source":{"title":"Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services: NAICS 518 (Industries at a Glance)","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag518.htm","date":"n.d.","type":"government"}},"why:f6":{"claim":"A 2023 Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond article says data center growth has been spurred by demand for cloud computing services supporting activities from online gaming to storing social media profiles.","quote":"More recently, data center growth has been spurred by an explosion in the demand for cloud computing services to support activities ranging from online gaming to the storage of social media profiles.","source":{"title":"Virginia's Data Centers and Economic Development (Econ Focus, Q2 2023)","publisher":"Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond","url":"https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/econ_focus/2023/q2_feature2","date":"2023-05-31","type":"government"}},"why:f7":{"claim":"The IEA (April 2025) says training and deploying AI models takes place in large, power-hungry data centres.","quote":"Training and deploying AI models takes place in large and power-hungry data centres.","source":{"title":"Energy and AI: Executive summary","publisher":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary","date":"2025-04-10","type":"other"}},"why:f8":{"claim":"CRS reports that multiple industry reports indicate AI and related remote computing services have spurred new construction and upgrades of data centers, and cites one estimate that capacity under construction in North America at the end of 2024 reached a record 6,350 MW.","quote":"Multiple industry reports indicate that data processing demands of AI and related remote computing services have spurred new construction and upgrades of data centers. ... One report estimated that the computing capacity (measured by the amount of electrical power consumed by IT equipment) of data centers under construction in North America at the end of 2024 reached a record-high 6,350 MW.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (CRS R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (text via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48646.html","date":"2026-05-12","type":"government"}},"why:f9":{"claim":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory reports that in 2017 GPU-accelerated servers for AI became a large enough share of the server stock that total U.S. data center electricity use began to increase again.","quote":"In 2017, the overall server installed base started growing and Graphic Processing Unit (GPU)-accelerated servers for artificial intelligence (AI) became a significant enough portion of the data center server stock that total data center electricity use began to increase again","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-19","type":"national-lab"}},"why:f10":{"claim":"LBNL estimates U.S. data centers used 176 TWh in 2023, or 4.4% of total U.S. electricity consumption.","quote":"U.S. data center energy use has continued to grow at an increasing rate, reaching 176 TWh by 2023, representing 4.4% of total U.S. electricity consumption","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-19","type":"national-lab"}},"why:f11":{"claim":"DOE (December 2024) said the LBNL report finds data centers consumed about 4.4% of U.S. electricity in 2023 and are expected to consume approximately 6.7% to 12% by 2028.","quote":"The report finds that data centers consumed about 4.4% of total U.S. electricity in 2023 and are expected to consume approximately 6.7 to 12% of total U.S. electricity by 2028.","source":{"title":"DOE Releases New Report Evaluating Increase in Electricity Demand from Data Centers","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers","date":"2024-12-20","type":"government"}},"why:f11b":{"claim":"DOE (December 2024) said data center load growth tripled over the past decade and is projected to double or triple by 2028, and that projected U.S. electricity demand reflects data center expansion and the rise of AI, along with manufacturing growth and electrification.","quote":"The report estimates that data center load growth has tripled over the past decade and is projected to double or triple by 2028. U.S. electricity demand is projected to account for data center expansion and the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) applications, domestic manufacturing growth, and electrification of different industries.","source":{"title":"DOE Releases New Report Evaluating Increase in Electricity Demand from Data Centers","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers","date":"2024-12-20","type":"government"}},"why:f12":{"claim":"EIA (April 2026) says data center load is emerging as the dominant driver of long-term U.S. electricity growth.","quote":"Data center load is emerging as the dominant driver of long-term U.S. electricity growth. After a decade-plus plateau, national electricity demand has risen 2.1% annually over the past five years and is projected to grow at an average annual rate of 0.9%–1.6% per year through 2050 across our cases.","source":{"title":"EIA releases the Annual Energy Outlook 2026 (press release)","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/pressroom/releases/press587.php","date":"2026-04-08","type":"government"}},"why:f13":{"claim":"EIA estimates data center servers accounted for 7% of U.S. commercial-sector electricity consumption in 2025, growing to 22%–33% by 2050 across its AEO2026 cases.","quote":"Across all cases, servers alone accounted for an estimated 7% of commercial sector electricity consumption in 2025. Data center server electricity use grows to 22%–33% of commercial building electricity use by 2050 across our cases.","source":{"title":"Data center server energy use grows across the commercial building stock","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration (Today in Energy)","url":"https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=67704","date":"2026-05-19","type":"government"}},"why:f14":{"claim":"The IEA projects global data centre electricity consumption will more than double to around 945 TWh by 2030, says AI is the most important driver of this growth, and says data centres account for nearly half of U.S. electricity demand growth between now (2025) and 2030.","quote":"Data centre electricity consumption is set to more than double to around 945 TWh by 2030. ... AI is the most important driver of this growth, alongside growing demand for other digital services. ... In the United States, data centres account for nearly half of electricity demand growth between now and 2030.","source":{"title":"Energy and AI: Executive summary","publisher":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary","date":"2025-04-10","type":"other"}},"why:f15":{"claim":"The IEA says global investment in data centres nearly doubled since 2022 and amounted to half a trillion dollars in 2024.","quote":"Global investment in data centres has nearly doubled since 2022 and amounted to half a trillion dollars in 2024.","source":{"title":"Energy and AI: Executive summary","publisher":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary","date":"2025-04-10","type":"other"}},"why:f16":{"claim":"Alphabet's CFO said on the July 22, 2026 earnings call that the company raised its full-year 2026 capital expenditure guidance to $195–205 billion from $180–190 billion.","quote":"We are updating our full-year 2026 CapEx guidance range to $195 billion-$205 billion, up from our previous estimate of $180 billion-$190 billion.","source":{"title":"Earnings call transcript: Alphabet beats Q2 2026 estimates, shares fall on capex surge","publisher":"Investing.com","url":"https://www.investing.com/news/transcripts/earnings-call-transcript-alphabet-beats-q2-2026-estimates-shares-fall-on-capex-surge-93CH-4807140","date":"2026-07-22","type":"news"}},"why:f17":{"claim":"Alphabet's CFO said Q2 2026 capex was $44.9 billion, mostly for technical infrastructure supporting AI, with about 60% in servers and 40% in data centers and networking equipment.","quote":"CapEx was $44.9 billion in the second quarter, with the vast majority of this spent in technical infrastructure to support our investments in AI. Approximately 60% of our investment in technical infrastructure this quarter was in servers, and 40% was in data centers and networking equipment.","source":{"title":"Earnings call transcript: Alphabet beats Q2 2026 estimates, shares fall on capex surge","publisher":"Investing.com","url":"https://www.investing.com/news/transcripts/earnings-call-transcript-alphabet-beats-q2-2026-estimates-shares-fall-on-capex-surge-93CH-4807140","date":"2026-07-22","type":"news"}},"why:f18":{"claim":"Meta said in its July 29, 2026 earnings release that it expects 2026 capital expenditures, including finance-lease principal payments, of $130–145 billion, narrowed from a prior $125–145 billion.","quote":"We anticipate 2026 capital expenditures, including principal payments on finance leases, to be in the range of $130-145 billion, narrowed from our prior outlook of $125-145 billion.","source":{"title":"Meta Reports Second Quarter 2026 Results (Exhibit 99.1)","publisher":"Meta Platforms, Inc. (SEC filing)","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026050596/meta-06302026xexhibit991.htm","date":"2026-07-29","type":"company"}},"why:f19":{"claim":"Fortune reported that on Amazon's July 30, 2026 earnings call, CEO Andy Jassy said Amazon expects $220 billion in 2026 capital expenditures, up from a prior estimate of $200 billion, owing to higher memory costs.","quote":"During the call, Jassy told investors that Amazon now expects to devote $220 billion to capital expenditures in 2026, up from its prior estimate of $200 billion, owing to higher memory costs.","source":{"title":"Andy Jassy said Amazon will spend $220 billion this year—and still won't have enough capacity to meet demand","publisher":"Fortune","url":"https://fortune.com/2026/07/30/andy-jassy-amazon-capex-demand-aws-pga-tour/","date":"2026-07-30","type":"news"}},"why:f20":{"claim":"Microsoft CFO Amy Hood said (fiscal Q4 2026 call, July 2026) that capex was $41 billion in the quarter and that, after a shift from finance to operating leases, Microsoft expects calendar-2026 capex of approximately $175 billion, with underlying investment expectations unchanged.","quote":"Capital expenditures were $41 billion including the impact from higher component pricing as noted in our guide. ... Outside of this useful life impact, our calendar year 2026 CapEx investment expectations remain unchanged. However, the shift from finance to operating leases adjusts our expectation to approximately $175 billion.","source":{"title":"Microsoft Fiscal Year 2026 Fourth Quarter Earnings Conference Call","publisher":"Microsoft Corporation (Investor Relations)","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/investor/events/fy-2026/earnings-fy-2026-q4","date":"2026-07-29","type":"company"}},"why:f21":{"claim":"Virginia's legislative audit agency (JLARC, 2024) attributes Northern Virginia's data center prominence to a strong fiber network, reliable cheap energy, available land, proximity to major customers, and a state data center tax incentive.","quote":"Multiple factors have contributed to Northern Virginia's market prominence, including a strong fiber network, supply of reliable cheap energy, available land, proximity to major national customers, and the creation of a state data center tax incentive.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598, Summary)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission, Commonwealth of Virginia","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/summary/Rpt598Sum.pdf","date":"2024","type":"government"}},"why:f22":{"claim":"JLARC (2024) says Northern Virginia is the world's largest data center market, with 13% of reported operational capacity globally and 25% in the Americas.","quote":"Northern Virginia is the largest data center market in the world, constituting 13 percent of all reported data center operational capacity globally and 25 percent of capacity in the Americas.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598, Summary)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission, Commonwealth of Virginia","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/summary/Rpt598Sum.pdf","date":"2024","type":"government"}},"why:f23":{"claim":"JLARC (2024) says Virginia's sales tax exemption let data centers buy servers and other equipment tax-free, providing $928 million in tax savings in FY23, and that companies report the exemption is an important location factor and most competing states have similar exemptions.","quote":"Because data centers are capital intensive, the exemption is valuable to the industry (providing $928 million in tax savings in FY23), and about 90 percent of the industry uses the exemption. ... most of the other states that Virginia competes with for new data center developments have similar exemptions.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report 598, Summary)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission, Commonwealth of Virginia","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/summary/Rpt598Sum.pdf","date":"2024","type":"government"}},"why:f24":{"claim":"CRS (2026) says most data center developers prefer buying electricity from the local utility and typically locate in areas with more readily available existing utility electricity supply.","quote":"Buying electricity from the local utility is the preferred option for most data center developers and is expected to remain so for the foreseeable future. Data center owners who prefer this option typically choose to locate their facilities in areas with more readily available existing utility electricity supply.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and the Electricity Grid: Frequently Asked Questions (CRS R49326)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (text via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49326.html","date":"2026-09-01","type":"government"}},"why:f25":{"claim":"The IEA says nearly half of U.S. data centre capacity is in five regional clusters.","quote":"AI-focused data centres can draw as much electricity as power-intensive factories such as aluminium smelters, but they are much more geographically concentrated. Nearly half of data centre capacity in the United States is in five regional clusters.","source":{"title":"Energy and AI: Executive summary","publisher":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary","date":"2025-04-10","type":"other"}},"why:f26":{"claim":"Good Jobs First, a subsidy-watchdog group, reported in November 2025 that in at least 36 states data center equipment purchases are exempt from sales and use taxes under industry-specific incentive laws.","quote":"In at least 36 states, those purchases are exempt from sales and use taxes under incentive laws specifically crafted for the industry.","source":{"title":"Cloudy Data, Costly Deals: How Poorly States Disclose Data Center Subsidies","publisher":"Good Jobs First","url":"https://goodjobsfirst.org/cloudy-data-costly-deals-how-poorly-states-disclose-data-center-subsidies/","date":"2025-11","type":"ngo"}},"why:f27":{"claim":"Good Jobs First reported in June 2026 that Virginia estimates nearly $2 billion in combined state and local revenue losses in FY2025 from its data center sales and use tax exemption.","quote":"Virginia estimates nearly $2 billion in combined state and local revenue losses in FY 2025 from its sales and use tax exemption.","source":{"title":"Data Center Subsidies Surge as States Lose Billions","publisher":"Good Jobs First","url":"https://goodjobsfirst.org/data-center-subsidies-surge-as-states-lose-billions/","date":"2026-06-12","type":"ngo"}},"why:f28":{"claim":"Executive Order 14318, signed July 23, 2025, states it will be a priority of the Administration to facilitate the rapid buildout of AI data centers and supporting infrastructure by easing federal regulatory burdens, and to use federally owned land for data center development.","quote":"These plans include artificial intelligence (AI) data centers and infrastructure that powers them, including high-voltage transmission lines and other equipment. It will be a priority of my Administration to facilitate the rapid and efficient buildout of this infrastructure by easing Federal regulatory burdens.","source":{"title":"Accelerating Federal Permitting of Data Center Infrastructure (Executive Order 14318)","publisher":"Federal Register / Executive Office of the President","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/07/28/2025-14212/accelerating-federal-permitting-of-data-center-infrastructure","date":"2025-07-23","type":"government"}},"why:f29":{"claim":"EO 14318 (July 23, 2025) defines a 'Data Center Project' as a facility requiring more than 100 MW of new load dedicated to AI inference, training, simulation or synthetic data generation, and counts as qualifying projects those with at least $500 million in committed capital expenditures (among other criteria).","quote":"a facility that requires greater than 100 megawatts (MW) of new load dedicated to AI inference, training, simulation, or synthetic data generation. ... a Data Center Project or Covered Component Project for which the Project Sponsor has committed at least $500 million in capital expenditures as determined by the Secretary of Commerce","source":{"title":"Accelerating Federal Permitting of Data Center Infrastructure","publisher":"The White House","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/07/accelerating-federal-permitting-of-data-center-infrastructure/","date":"2025-07-23","type":"government"}},"why:f30":{"claim":"EO 14318 revoked Executive Order 14141 of January 14, 2025 (Advancing United States Leadership in Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure).","quote":"Executive Order 14141 of January 14, 2025 (Advancing United States Leadership in Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure), is hereby revoked.","source":{"title":"Accelerating Federal Permitting of Data Center Infrastructure (Executive Order 14318)","publisher":"Federal Register / Executive Office of the President","url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/07/28/2025-14212/accelerating-federal-permitting-of-data-center-infrastructure","date":"2025-07-23","type":"government"}},"why:f31":{"claim":"America's AI Action Plan (July 2025) says AI will require new infrastructure, including factories for chips, data centers to run them, and new energy sources.","quote":"Like most general-purpose technologies of the past, AI will require new infrastructure—factories to produce chips, data centers to run those chips, and new sources of energy to power it all.","source":{"title":"America's AI Action Plan","publisher":"The White House","url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Americas-AI-Action-Plan.pdf","date":"2025-07","type":"government"}},"why:f32":{"claim":"In April 2025 DOE identified 16 potential federal sites for rapid data center construction, citing in-place energy infrastructure and the ability to fast-track permitting for new generation such as nuclear.","quote":"DOE has identified 16 potential sites uniquely positioned for rapid data center construction, including in-place energy infrastructure with the ability to fast-track permitting for new energy generation such as nuclear.","source":{"title":"DOE Identifies 16 Federal Sites Across the Country for Data Center and AI Infrastructure Development","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-identifies-16-federal-sites-across-country-data-center-and-ai-infrastructure","date":"2025-04-03","type":"government"}},"why:f33":{"claim":"On July 24, 2025 DOE selected four sites (Idaho National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Reservation, Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant and Savannah River Site) to invite private partners to develop AI data center and energy generation projects.","quote":"DOE has selected four sites—Idaho National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Reservation, Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant and Savannah River Site—to move forward with plans to invite private sector partners to develop cutting edge AI data center and energy generation projects.","source":{"title":"DOE Announces Site Selection for AI Data Center and Energy Infrastructure Development on Federal Lands","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-site-selection-ai-data-center-and-energy-infrastructure-development-federal","date":"2025-07-24","type":"government"}},"jobs:f1":{"claim":"BLS reports the median annual wage for computer network support specialists (SOC 15-1231) was $76,220 in May 2025.","quote":"The median annual wage for computer network support specialists was $76,220 in May 2025.","source":{"title":"Computer Support Specialists, Occupational Outlook Handbook","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-support-specialists.htm","date":"2025-05","type":"government"}},"jobs:f2":{"claim":"BLS reports the median annual wage for computer user support specialists (SOC 15-1232) was $61,860 in May 2025.","quote":"The median annual wage for computer user support specialists was $61,860 in May 2025.","source":{"title":"Computer Support Specialists, Occupational Outlook Handbook","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-support-specialists.htm","date":"2025-05","type":"government"}},"jobs:f3":{"claim":"BLS reports computer support specialists (network and user support combined) had a 2025 median pay of $62,890 per year and held 903,100 jobs in 2025.","quote":"2025 Median Pay | $62,890 per year $30.24 per hour ... Number of Jobs, 2025 | 903,100","source":{"title":"Computer Support Specialists, Occupational Outlook Handbook","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/computer-support-specialists.htm","date":"2025-05","type":"government"}},"jobs:f4":{"claim":"BLS reports the median annual wage for network and computer systems administrators (SOC 15-1244) was $99,130 in May 2025, with 323,600 jobs in 2025.","quote":"The median annual wage for network and computer systems administrators was $99,130 in May 2025. ... Number of Jobs, 2025 | 323,600","source":{"title":"Network and Computer Systems Administrators, Occupational Outlook Handbook","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technology/network-and-computer-systems-administrators.htm","date":"2025-05","type":"government"}},"jobs:f5":{"claim":"BLS reports the median annual wage for electricians (SOC 47-2111) was $63,190 in May 2025, with 821,000 jobs in 2025.","quote":"The median annual wage for electricians was $63,190 in May 2025. ... Number of Jobs, 2025 | 821,000","source":{"title":"Electricians, Occupational Outlook Handbook","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/electricians.htm","date":"2025-05","type":"government"}},"jobs:f6":{"claim":"In its electricians outlook, BLS says AI and demand for data centers are expected to contribute to rising electricity demand.","quote":"the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and demand for data centers to support this growth are expected to contribute to rising electricity demand.","source":{"title":"Electricians, Occupational Outlook Handbook","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/electricians.htm","date":"2025-05","type":"government"}},"jobs:f7":{"claim":"BLS reports the median annual wage for HVAC and refrigeration mechanics and installers (SOC 49-9021) was $61,010 in May 2025, with 440,900 jobs in 2025.","quote":"The median annual wage for heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers was $61,010 in May 2025. ... Number of Jobs, 2025 | 440,900","source":{"title":"Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers, Occupational Outlook Handbook","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/installation-maintenance-and-repair/heating-air-conditioning-and-refrigeration-mechanics-and-installers.htm","date":"2025-05","type":"government"}},"jobs:f8":{"claim":"BLS says commercial construction, including data centers, is expected to drive employment growth for HVAC mechanics and installers.","quote":"Commercial construction, including data centers, and residential building construction are expected to drive employment growth.","source":{"title":"Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers, Occupational Outlook Handbook","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/installation-maintenance-and-repair/heating-air-conditioning-and-refrigeration-mechanics-and-installers.htm","date":"2025-05","type":"government"}},"jobs:f9":{"claim":"BLS reports the median annual wage for security guards (SOC 33-9032) was $38,020 in May 2025.","quote":"The median annual wage for security guards was $38,020 in May 2025.","source":{"title":"Security Guards and Gambling Surveillance Officers, Occupational Outlook Handbook","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/protective-service/security-guards.htm","date":"2025-05","type":"government"}},"jobs:f10":{"claim":"BLS reports the median annual wage for industrial machinery mechanics, machinery maintenance workers, and millwrights (combined group) was $64,100 in May 2025, with 547,300 jobs in 2025.","quote":"The median annual wage for industrial machinery mechanics, machinery maintenance workers, and millwrights was $64,100 in May 2025. ... Number of Jobs, 2025 | 547,300","source":{"title":"Industrial Machinery Mechanics, Machinery Maintenance Workers, and Millwrights, Occupational Outlook Handbook","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/installation-maintenance-and-repair/industrial-machinery-mechanics-and-maintenance-workers-and-millwrights.htm","date":"2025-05","type":"government"}},"jobs:f11":{"claim":"In May 2023, BLS OEWS estimated 482,080 jobs across all occupations in NAICS 518200 (Computing Infrastructure Providers, Data Processing, Web Hosting, and Related Services), with a median hourly wage of $49.20 and an annual mean wage of $116,230.","quote":"00-0000 | All Occupations | total | 482,080 | 0.0% | 100.00% | $49.20 | $55.88 | $116,230","source":{"title":"May 2023 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: NAICS 518200 - Computing Infrastructure Providers, Data Processing, Web Hosting, and Related Services","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/naics4_518200.htm","date":"2023-05","type":"government"}},"jobs:f12":{"claim":"In May 2023, BLS OEWS estimated NAICS 518200 employed 6,130 computer network support specialists (annual mean wage $78,190), 21,040 computer user support specialists ($64,160), and 7,500 network and computer systems administrators ($109,900).","quote":"15-1231 | Computer Network Support Specialists | detail | 6,130 ... $78,190 | 15-1232 | Computer User Support Specialists | detail | 21,040 ... $64,160 | 15-1244 | Network and Computer Systems Administrators | detail | 7,500 ... $109,900","source":{"title":"May 2023 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: NAICS 518200 - Computing Infrastructure Providers, Data Processing, Web Hosting, and Related Services","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/naics4_518200.htm","date":"2023-05","type":"government"}},"jobs:f13":{"claim":"BLS Current Employment Statistics show seasonally adjusted employment in NAICS 518 of 453.3 thousand in August 2026 (preliminary), and average hourly earnings of all employees of $60.25 in July 2026 (preliminary).","quote":"Employment, all employees | 465.7 | 460.0 | (p)461.0 | (p)453.3 [May-Aug. 2026] ... Average hourly earnings | $59.01 | $59.88 | $59.63 | (p)$60.25 [Apr.-Jul. 2026]","source":{"title":"Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services: NAICS 518 (Industries at a Glance)","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","url":"https://www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag518.htm","date":"2026-08","type":"government"}},"jobs:f14":{"claim":"Virginia's JLARC reported that, per data center representatives, a typical 250,000-square-foot data center may have about 50 full-time workers, about half of them contract workers.","quote":"Data center jobs tend to be high paying. Several data center representatives indicated that a typical 250,000-square-foot data center may have approximately 50 full-time workers, about half of which are contract workers.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report Summary)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/summary/Rpt598Sum.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"jobs:f15":{"claim":"JLARC reported that, per data center representatives, about 1,500 workers are on site at the height of construction of a data center building, which usually takes 12 to 18 months.","quote":"Construction of an individual data center building usually takes about 12 to 18 months, and data center representatives indicated that, at the height of construction, approximately 1,500 workers are on site from various construction-related industries.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report Summary)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/summary/Rpt598Sum.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"jobs:f16":{"claim":"JLARC estimated the data center industry contributes 74,000 jobs, $5.5 billion in labor income, and $9.1 billion in GDP to Virginia's economy annually, mostly from the construction phase.","quote":"Overall, the data center industry is estimated to contribute 74,000 jobs, $5.5 billion in labor income, and $9.1 billion in GDP to Virginia's economy annually. ... Most of these economic benefits derive from the construction phase rather than data centers' ongoing operations.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report Summary)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/summary/Rpt598Sum.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"jobs:f17":{"claim":"JLARC staff estimated data center direct employees and contract workers accounted for over 8,000 full-time jobs in Virginia in FY23.","quote":"Data center direct employees and contract workers accounted for, by JLARC staff estimates, over 8,000 full-time jobs in FY23.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"jobs:f18":{"claim":"JLARC reported that Virginia data center employees and contractors earn about $100,000 per year on average.","quote":"On average, data center employees and contractors earn about $100,000 per year, varying based on job role and area of the state.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"jobs:f19":{"claim":"JLARC's Table 2-2 shows Virginia's data center sales tax exemption returned 48 cents in state revenue per $1 spent and added 84 jobs per $1 million spent (annual average), versus 58 jobs for the average Virginia incentive.","quote":"Return in revenue per $1 spent 48¢ ... Jobs added 84 jobs [data center exemption] ... Jobs added 58 jobs [average Virginia incentive]","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"jobs:f20":{"claim":"JLARC reported the Virginia data center sales and use tax exemption provided $928 million in tax savings in FY23.","quote":"the exemption is valuable to the industry (providing $928 million in tax savings in FY23)","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Report Summary)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/summary/Rpt598Sum.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"jobs:f21":{"claim":"A 2022 Georgia tax incentive evaluation modeled a hypothetical $800 million high-tech data center as having 50 employees plus 217 additional supported jobs per year, versus about 4,200 construction jobs during a two-year construction phase.","quote":"50 HTDC employees and an additional 217 jobs would be supported by the center's existence each year. ... Approximately 4,200 construction jobs and 7,300 total jobs would be created during an approximate two-year construction phase.","source":{"title":"Tax Incentive Evaluation: High-Tech Data Center Sales Tax Exemption (Summary)","publisher":"Georgia Department of Audits and Accounts","url":"https://www.audits2.ga.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Data-Center-Sales-Tax-Exemption-Summary.pdf","date":"2022-12","type":"government"}},"jobs:f22":{"claim":"A December 2025 evaluation of Georgia's data center exemption by UGA's Carl Vinson Institute of Government projected 1,873 permanent full-time data center jobs in Georgia in 2025.","quote":"Institute researchers projected permanent, full-time employment in data centers in Georgia to be 1,873 in 2025.","source":{"title":"Tax Incentive Evaluation: Georgia Data Center Sales & Use Tax Exemption","publisher":"Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia (for Georgia Department of Audits and Accounts)","url":"https://www.audits.ga.gov/ReportSearch/download/33298","date":"2025-12","type":"government"}},"jobs:f23":{"claim":"The same Georgia evaluation estimated 30% of data center activity in Georgia was attributable to the tax incentive, with 70% likely occurring without it.","quote":"Institute researchers estimated that 30% of data center activity in Georgia was attributable to the presence of the tax incentive, and that the remainder (70%) of data center activity likely occurring without it.","source":{"title":"Tax Incentive Evaluation: Georgia Data Center Sales & Use Tax Exemption","publisher":"Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia (for Georgia Department of Audits and Accounts)","url":"https://www.audits.ga.gov/ReportSearch/download/33298","date":"2025-12","type":"government"}},"jobs:f24":{"claim":"The Georgia evaluation projected an overall economic ROI of 186.3%, which it says implies about $2.86 in value-added impact per $1 of forgone tax revenue.","quote":"The projected overall RIO is 186.3%, implying that for each $1 of forgone tax revenue from Georgia's High-Tech Data Center Equipment Exemption, the state accrues approximately $2.86 in value-added impact.","source":{"title":"Tax Incentive Evaluation: Georgia Data Center Sales & Use Tax Exemption","publisher":"Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia (for Georgia Department of Audits and Accounts)","url":"https://www.audits.ga.gov/ReportSearch/download/33298","date":"2025-12","type":"government"}},"jobs:f25":{"claim":"The Georgia Department of Audits summary of the evaluation states estimated forgone state tax revenue of $474.2 million in FY 2025.","quote":"The Institute estimated forgone state tax revenue of $474.2 million in FY 2025.","source":{"title":"Georgia Data Center Sales & Use Tax Exemption (Summary, Revised)","publisher":"Georgia Department of Audits and Accounts","url":"https://www.audits2.ga.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Data-Center-Tax-Exemption-Summary-Revised.pdf","date":"2026-01","type":"government"}},"jobs:f26":{"claim":"An industry-commissioned study by PwC for the Data Center Coalition says the U.S. data center industry directly employed 1,005,080 people in 2024 (using PwC's own industry definition).","quote":"The Data Center Coalition (DCC) engaged independent consultant PwC to quantify the economic contributions of the U.S. data center industry between 2023 and 2024. ... In 2024, the U.S. data center industry directly employed 1,005,080 people.","source":{"title":"2026 PwC Report: Economic contributions of U.S. data centers, 2023-2024","publisher":"Data Center Coalition (industry-commissioned, prepared by PwC)","url":"https://www.centerofyourdigitalworld.org/2026-impact-study","date":"2026","type":"other"}},"jobs:f27":{"claim":"The Data Center Coalition's PwC study says the industry's total employment contribution grew from 4.7 million jobs in 2023 to 5.5 million in 2024, and that each direct job supports more than 4.5 jobs elsewhere.","quote":"From 2023 to 2024, the data center industry's total annual employment contribution grew from 4.7 million jobs to 5.5 million jobs—a 17% increase. ... At the national level, each direct job in the data center industry supports more than 4.5 jobs elsewhere in the U.S. economy.","source":{"title":"2026 PwC Report: Economic contributions of U.S. data centers, 2023-2024","publisher":"Data Center Coalition (industry-commissioned, prepared by PwC)","url":"https://www.centerofyourdigitalworld.org/2026-impact-study","date":"2026","type":"other"}},"jobs:f28":{"claim":"The earlier Data Center Coalition PwC study (2017-2023) said each direct data center job supports more than six jobs elsewhere in the U.S. economy.","quote":"each direct job in the data center industry supports more than six jobs elsewhere in the U.S. economy.","source":{"title":"2025 Impact Study","publisher":"Data Center Coalition (industry-commissioned, prepared by PwC)","url":"https://www.centerofyourdigitalworld.org/2025-impact-study","date":"2025","type":"other"}},"cost:f1":{"claim":"Cushman & Wakefield's 2026 guide puts average all-in greenfield development costs in the U.S. and Canada at $17.6 million per megawatt for the most modern facilities, excluding chips and GPUs.","quote":"All-in greenfield development costs in the United States and Canada average $17.6M per megawatt for the most modern facilities, excluding chips and GPUs.","source":{"title":"Cushman & Wakefield Releases 2026 Data Center Development Cost Guide, Citing 21% Rise in Per-MW Construction Costs","publisher":"Cushman & Wakefield (company press release)","url":"https://ir.cushmanwakefield.com/news/press-release-details/2026/Cushman--Wakefield-Releases-2026-Data-Center-Development-Cost-Guide-Citing-21-Rise-in-Per-MW-Construction-Costs/default.aspx","date":"2026-09-03"}},"cost:f2":{"claim":"Cushman & Wakefield says data center construction costs rose an average of 21% per megawatt since its previous guide, published in the fourth quarter of 2024.","quote":"Cushman & Wakefield (NYSE: CWK), a leading global commercial real estate services firm, has published its 2026 Data Center Development Cost Guide, revealing that data center construction costs have risen an average of 21% per megawatt (MW) since the previous edition was published in the fourth quarter of 2024.","source":{"title":"Cushman & Wakefield Releases 2026 Data Center Development Cost Guide, Citing 21% Rise in Per-MW Construction Costs","publisher":"Cushman & Wakefield (company press release)","url":"https://ir.cushmanwakefield.com/news/press-release-details/2026/Cushman--Wakefield-Releases-2026-Data-Center-Development-Cost-Guide-Citing-21-Rise-in-Per-MW-Construction-Costs/default.aspx","date":"2026-09-03"}},"cost:f3":{"claim":"Power infrastructure is the largest cost category, averaging 21% of total greenfield development costs, with contingencies second.","quote":"Power infrastructure remains the single largest cost category, representing an average of 21% of total greenfield development costs, while contingencies rank second, reflecting ongoing uncertainty driven by long material lead times, labor shortages, and a shifting regulatory environment.","source":{"title":"Cushman & Wakefield Releases 2026 Data Center Development Cost Guide, Citing 21% Rise in Per-MW Construction Costs","publisher":"Cushman & Wakefield (company press release)","url":"https://ir.cushmanwakefield.com/news/press-release-details/2026/Cushman--Wakefield-Releases-2026-Data-Center-Development-Cost-Guide-Citing-21-Rise-in-Per-MW-Construction-Costs/default.aspx","date":"2026-09-03"}},"cost:f4":{"claim":"Powered land in primary U.S. markets averaged $584,000 per megawatt in 2026 year-to-date, 35% above its five-year average and 51% higher year-over-year.","quote":"markets achieving average values of $584,000 per MW in 2026 year-to-date—35% above its five-year average and 51% higher year-over-year.","source":{"title":"Cushman & Wakefield Releases 2026 Data Center Development Cost Guide, Citing 21% Rise in Per-MW Construction Costs","publisher":"Cushman & Wakefield (company press release)","url":"https://ir.cushmanwakefield.com/news/press-release-details/2026/Cushman--Wakefield-Releases-2026-Data-Center-Development-Cost-Guide-Citing-21-Rise-in-Per-MW-Construction-Costs/default.aspx","date":"2026-09-03"}},"cost:f5":{"claim":"Skilled labor shortages in mechanical, electrical and plumbing trades drove a 5% average annual wage increase from 2021 to 2024.","quote":"Skilled labor shortages in the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing trades continue to compound cost pressures, driving a 5% average annual wage increase from 2021 to 2024, with even steeper growth recorded in secondary and tertiary markets.","source":{"title":"Cushman & Wakefield Releases 2026 Data Center Development Cost Guide, Citing 21% Rise in Per-MW Construction Costs","publisher":"Cushman & Wakefield (company press release)","url":"https://ir.cushmanwakefield.com/news/press-release-details/2026/Cushman--Wakefield-Releases-2026-Data-Center-Development-Cost-Guide-Citing-21-Rise-in-Per-MW-Construction-Costs/default.aspx","date":"2026-09-03"}},"cost:f6":{"claim":"Cushman & Wakefield estimates the global data center development pipeline at about $2.3 trillion, of which $492 billion is under construction.","quote":"The global data center development pipeline now represents approximately $2.3 trillion in investment capital, of which $492 billion is currently under construction and the remaining $1.8 trillion is tied to planned and precommitted projects.","source":{"title":"Cushman & Wakefield Releases 2026 Data Center Development Cost Guide, Citing 21% Rise in Per-MW Construction Costs","publisher":"Cushman & Wakefield (company press release)","url":"https://ir.cushmanwakefield.com/news/press-release-details/2026/Cushman--Wakefield-Releases-2026-Data-Center-Development-Cost-Guide-Citing-21-Rise-in-Per-MW-Construction-Costs/default.aspx","date":"2026-09-03"}},"cool:f1":{"claim":"An NREL page on HPC data center cooling (last updated April 2025) says IT equipment such as compute clusters and data storage systems produces heat as a byproduct.","quote":"IT equipment, such as compute clusters and data storage systems, produces heat as a byproduct.","source":{"title":"High-Performance Computing Data Center Cooling System Energy Efficiency","publisher":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory (nrel.gov)","url":"https://www.nrel.gov/computational-science/data-center-cooling-system","date":"2025-04-10","type":"national-lab"}},"cool:f2":{"claim":"DOE said in May 2023 that data center cooling can account for up to 40% of a data center's overall energy use.","quote":"data center cooling can account for up to 40% of data center energy usage overall","source":{"title":"DOE Announces $40 Million for More Efficient Cooling for Data Centers","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-announces-40-million-more-efficient-cooling-data-centers","date":"2023-05-09","type":"government"}},"cool:f3":{"claim":"A 2025 Congressional Research Service report says cooling systems could account for 38% to 40% of electricity consumption in a data center.","quote":"The cooling systems could account for another 38% to 40% of electricity consumption in a data center.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service","url":"https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/R/PDF/R48646/R48646.3.pdf","date":"2025-08-26","type":"government"}},"cool:f4":{"claim":"CRS (2025) says computer servers are tolerant of higher temperatures but require lower humidity, and that centralized data center cooling either moves air through large ductwork or moves water or another heat transfer fluid through a piped cooling loop that exchanges heat with the environment.","quote":"computer servers tolerant of higher temperatures but requiring lower humidity. … There are two types of centralized cooling resources: (1) those moving air through large ductwork to deliver chilled air and remove warm air; or (2) those moving water or other heat transfer fluid through a piped cooling loop that exchanges heat with the environment.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service","url":"https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/R/PDF/R48646/R48646.3.pdf","date":"2025-08-26","type":"government"}},"cool:f5":{"claim":"DOE's 2024 guide describes a hot aisle/cold aisle layout as one where racks and air supply and return are designed to keep hot rack exhaust air from mixing with the cool supply air drawn into the racks.","quote":"A basic hot aisle/cold aisle configuration is created when the equipment racks and the cooling system's air supply and return are designed to prevent mixing of the hot rack exhaust air and the cool supply air drawn into the racks.","source":{"title":"Best Practices Guide for Energy-Efficient Data Center Design (Revised July 2024)","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program","url":"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-07/best-practice-guide-data-center-design_0.pdf","date":"2024-07","type":"government"}},"cool:f6":{"claim":"LBNL's 2024 report says direct expansion systems, typically called computer room air conditioners (CRACs), are common in small to midsize data centers because of their simplicity and cost-effectiveness.","quote":"Direct expansion systems, typically called computer room air conditioners (CRACs), are commonly employed in small to midsize data centers because of their simplicity and cost-effectiveness.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"cool:f7":{"claim":"LBNL's 2024 report says water-cooled chillers are widely used for their high efficiency and capacity, and release heat to the environment via cooling towers.","quote":"Water-cooled chillers are widely used in data centers, owing to their high efficiency and capacity to manage substantial cooling requirements. These systems use water-cooled condensers to extract heat from the system, subsequently releasing it into the environment via cooling towers.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"cool:f8":{"claim":"DOE's 2024 guide says that on most nights and in mild winter conditions an air-side economizer (outdoor air) is the lowest-cost way to cool a data center, subject to an engineering evaluation of the local climate.","quote":"Most nights and during mild winter conditions, the lowest cost option to cool data centers is an air-side economizer; however, a proper engineering evaluation of the local climate conditions must be completed to evaluate whether this is the case for a specific data center.","source":{"title":"Best Practices Guide for Energy-Efficient Data Center Design (Revised July 2024)","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program","url":"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-07/best-practice-guide-data-center-design_0.pdf","date":"2024-07","type":"government"}},"cool:f9":{"claim":"DOE's 2024 guide says free cooling can be provided by a waterside economizer, which uses a cooling tower's evaporative capacity to produce chilled water during mild outdoor conditions.","quote":"Free cooling can be provided via a waterside economizer, which uses the evaporative cooling capacity of a cooling tower to produce chilled water to cool the data center during mild outdoor conditions.","source":{"title":"Best Practices Guide for Energy-Efficient Data Center Design (Revised July 2024)","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program","url":"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-07/best-practice-guide-data-center-design_0.pdf","date":"2024-07","type":"government"}},"cool:f10":{"claim":"LBNL's 2024 report says dry coolers reject heat to the ambient air, enabling 'free' cooling in favorable weather with or without adiabatic assistance, and conserve water compared with evaporative cooling towers.","quote":"Dry coolers reject heat to the ambient air and enable \"free\" cooling during favorable weather conditions, with or without adiabatic assistance. … This system conserves water compared to evaporative cooling towers.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"cool:f11":{"claim":"DOE's 2024 guide defines direct liquid cooling as approaches that transfer waste heat to a fluid at or very near where the heat is generated, rather than to room air.","quote":"Direct liquid cooling refers to a number of different cooling approaches that all share the same characteristic of transferring waste heat to a fluid at or very near the point the heat is generated, rather than transferring it to room air and then conditioning the room air.","source":{"title":"Best Practices Guide for Energy-Efficient Data Center Design (Revised July 2024)","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program","url":"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-07/best-practice-guide-data-center-design_0.pdf","date":"2024-07","type":"government"}},"cool:f12":{"claim":"EESI (June 2025) says immersion cooling bathes servers, chips and other components in a non-conductive (dielectric) fluid that absorbs heat and transfers it to a heat exchanger.","quote":"Immersion cooling in data centers involves bathing servers, chips, and other components in a specialized dielectric (or non-conductive) fluid. … The non-conductive liquid absorbs the heat from the chips and transfers it to a heat exchanger","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water Consumption","publisher":"Environmental and Energy Study Institute","url":"https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/data-centers-and-water-consumption","date":"2025-06-25","type":"ngo"}},"cool:f13":{"claim":"A July 2026 CRS report says closed-loop cooling systems circulate water within a sealed system without direct exposure to the environment and may generate more limited wastewater discharges during normal operation.","quote":"Closed-loop cooling systems, which circulate water within a sealed system without direct exposure to the environment, may generate more limited wastewater discharges during normal operational phases.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water: Frequently Asked Questions (R49057)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49057.html","date":"2026-07-31","type":"government"}},"cool:f14":{"claim":"The National Laboratory of the Rockies (formerly NREL) says liquid has approximately 1,000 times the cooling capacity of air, and that rack power densities of 60 kW per rack or more can be achieved with warm-water liquid cooling.","quote":"Liquid has approximately 1,000 times the cooling capacity of air. … And rack power densities of 60 kilowatts (kW) per rack or more can be achieved using warm-water liquid cooling, which requires less floor space.","source":{"title":"High-Performance Computing Data Center Warm-Water Liquid Cooling","publisher":"National Laboratory of the Rockies (formerly National Renewable Energy Laboratory)","url":"https://www.nrel.gov/computational-science/warm-water-liquid-cooling","date":"2025-12-04","type":"national-lab"}},"cool:f15":{"claim":"CRS says high-performance computing equipment has required cooling methods closer to the chips, and that direct liquid cooling technologies can address its higher power.","quote":"High-performance computing (HPC) equipment has necessitated cooling methods that are thermodynamically closer to the chips and intercept the energy before it has substantially raised the room air temperature. These direct liquid cooling technologies can address the higher power of HPC.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service","url":"https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/R/PDF/R48646/R48646.3.pdf","date":"2025-08-26","type":"government"}},"cool:f16":{"claim":"Uptime Institute's 2025 global survey of operators found an average modal rack density of 7.5 kW (excluding outliers), up from 6.8 kW in 2024, and more than 80% of respondents said their facility has no racks above 30 kW.","quote":"Average modal density excluding these outliers comes to 7.5 kW in our 2025 survey, up from 6.8 kW in 2024. … More than 80% of the operators responding to our survey say their facility has no racks above 30 kW — about the same share as last year.","source":{"title":"Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2025","publisher":"Uptime Institute","url":"https://datacenter.uptimeinstitute.com/rs/711-RIA-145/images/2025.Annual.Survey.Report.pdf","date":"2025-07","type":"other"}},"cool:f17":{"claim":"An industry executive quoted by IEEE Spectrum (Oct 2025) said average rack power density was around 8 kW and is growing to 100 kW per rack for AI.","quote":"The average power density in a rack was around 8 kW … For AI, that's growing to 100 kW per rack. That's an order of magnitude.","source":{"title":"Next-Gen AI Needs Liquid Cooling","publisher":"IEEE Spectrum","url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/data-center-liquid-cooling","date":"2025-10-13","type":"news"}},"cool:f18":{"claim":"A July 2026 CRS report says evaporation-based cooling is generally more energy efficient than air-cooled chillers or other waterless systems, while air-cooled chillers use no water but comparatively more energy.","quote":"Trade-offs in water consumed and power usage exist between evaporation-based cooling systems and air-cooled systems. Evaporation-based cooling systems are generally more energy efficient than air-cooled chillers or other waterless systems. While air-cooled chillers use no water, they use comparatively more energy.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water: Frequently Asked Questions (R49057)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49057.html","date":"2026-07-31","type":"government"}},"cool:f19":{"claim":"The same CRS report says water-cooled chiller systems typically have the highest WUE (least efficient water use), largely because of cooling tower water use.","quote":"Water-cooled chiller systems typically have the highest WUE (i.e., are less efficient at using water), which is largely attributed to the substantial cooling tower water usage.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water: Frequently Asked Questions (R49057)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49057.html","date":"2026-07-31","type":"government"}},"cool:f20":{"claim":"LBNL's 2024 report notes that evaporative cooling systems consume substantial amounts of water, even configurations it describes as highly energy-efficient.","quote":"While highly energy-efficient, this system consumes substantial amounts of water, like all evaporative cooling systems.","source":{"title":"2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt32d6m0d1/qt32d6m0d1.pdf","date":"2024-12-20","type":"national-lab"}},"cool:f21":{"claim":"EESI (June 2025) says server liquid cooling is the best choice where water is limited, while evaporative air cooling towers suit areas with a strained power grid because they require minimal power.","quote":"In areas with limited water availability, server liquid cooling is the best choice, as it requires minimal water consumption. Conversely, in areas with a strained power grid, an evaporative air cooling tower is a suitable building design, as it requires minimal power usage.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Water Consumption","publisher":"Environmental and Energy Study Institute","url":"https://www.eesi.org/articles/view/data-centers-and-water-consumption","date":"2025-06-25","type":"ngo"}},"cool:f22":{"claim":"Microsoft says (Dec 2024) its zero-water-for-cooling datacenter design will avoid the need for more than 125 million liters of water per year per datacenter (company claim).","quote":"this design will avoid the need for more than 125 million liters of water per year per datacenter.","source":{"title":"Sustainable by design: Next-generation datacenters consume zero water for cooling","publisher":"Microsoft","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-cloud/blog/2024/12/09/sustainable-by-design-next-generation-datacenters-consume-zero-water-for-cooling/","date":"2024-12-09","type":"company"}},"cool:f23":{"claim":"Microsoft says replacing evaporative systems with mechanical cooling will increase its PUE, resulting in what it calls a nominal increase in annual energy use compared with its evaporative designs (company claim).","quote":"Replacement of evaporative systems with mechanical cooling will increase our power usage effectiveness (PUE). … The result is a nominal increase in our annual energy usage compared to our evaporative datacenter designs across the global fleet.","source":{"title":"Sustainable by design: Next-generation datacenters consume zero water for cooling","publisher":"Microsoft","url":"https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-cloud/blog/2024/12/09/sustainable-by-design-next-generation-datacenters-consume-zero-water-for-cooling/","date":"2024-12-09","type":"company"}},"cool:f24":{"claim":"DOE's 2024 guide says an average data center has a PUE of 1.6, while some recent super-efficient data centers have achieved a PUE below 1.1.","quote":"An average data center has a PUE of 1.6; however, several recent super-efficient data centers have been known to achieve a PUE below 1.1.","source":{"title":"Best Practices Guide for Energy-Efficient Data Center Design (Revised July 2024)","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Management Program","url":"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-07/best-practice-guide-data-center-design_0.pdf","date":"2024-07","type":"government"}},"cool:f25":{"claim":"DOE's ARPA-E COOLERCHIPS program targets reducing total cooling energy to less than 5% of a typical data center's IT load, at any time and any U.S. location, for high-density computing.","quote":"The target for COOLERCHIPS is to reduce total cooling energy expenditure to less than 5% of a typical data center's IT load at any time and any U.S. location for a high-density compute system.","source":{"title":"COOLERCHIPS","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy, ARPA-E","url":"https://arpa-e.energy.gov/programs-and-initiatives/view-all-programs/coolerchips","date":"n.d.","type":"government"}},"health:f1":{"claim":"EPA's emissions-factor guidance (AP-42) says the primary pollutants from internal combustion engines are nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and particulates.","quote":"The primary pollutants from internal combustion engines are oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, carbon monoxide (CO), and particulates, which include both visible (smoke) and nonvisible emissions.","source":{"title":"AP-42 Section 3.4: Large Stationary Diesel And All Stationary Dual-fuel Engines","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/documents/c03s04.pdf","date":"1996-10","type":"government"}},"health:f2":{"claim":"EPA's AP-42 guidance (2000) says the primary pollutants from gas turbine engines are nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, and to a lesser extent volatile organic compounds.","quote":"The primary pollutants from gas turbine engines are nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), and to a lesser extent, volatile organic compounds (VOC).","source":{"title":"AP-42 Section 3.1: Stationary Gas Turbines","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/documents/c03s01.pdf","date":"2000-04","type":"government"}},"health:f3":{"claim":"EPA says state and local air agencies issue most air permits for data centers, under programs approved as meeting minimum Clean Air Act and EPA requirements.","quote":"State and local air agencies issue most air permits for data centers, under programs approved as meeting minimum requirements established by the CAA and EPA regulations.","source":{"title":"Clean Air Act Resources for Data Centers","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/clean-air-act-resources-data-centers","date":"2026-09-14","type":"government"}},"health:f4":{"claim":"In May 2025 EPA issued a clarification saying certain engines can operate up to 50 hours per year in non-emergency conditions to supply power to the grid.","quote":"certain engines can operate for up to 50 hours per year in non-emergency conditions to supply power for our nation's grid","source":{"title":"EPA Issues Clarification to Help Power Data Centers, Ensure U.S. Is the AI Capital of the World","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-issues-clarification-help-power-data-centers-ensure-us-ai-capital-world","date":"2025-05-01","type":"government"}},"health:f5":{"claim":"An EPA fact sheet on stationary engine emission standards (2013) says pollutants emitted from diesel engines are known or suspected of causing cancer and other serious health effects, including aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease and premature death in people with heart or lung disease.","quote":"Pollutants emitted from diesel engines are known or suspected of causing cancer and other serious health effects including: ... Aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease ... Premature death in people with heart or lung disease","source":{"title":"Fact Sheet: Final Amendments to Emission Standards (Stationary Engines)","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://www.epa.gov/stationary-engines/fact-sheet-final-amendments-emission-standards","date":"2013-01-14","type":"government"}},"health:f6":{"claim":"In June 2012 the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence of an increased risk of lung cancer.","quote":"today classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence that exposure is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer.","source":{"title":"IARC: Diesel Engine Exhaust Carcinogenic (Press Release No. 213)","publisher":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO)","url":"https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr213_E.pdf","date":"2012-06-12","type":"government"}},"health:f7":{"claim":"EPA says numerous scientific studies have linked particle pollution exposure to problems including premature death in people with heart or lung disease, nonfatal heart attacks, irregular heartbeat and aggravated asthma.","quote":"Numerous scientific studies have linked particle pollution exposure to a variety of problems, including: premature death in people with heart or lung disease ... nonfatal heart attacks ... irregular heartbeat ... aggravated asthma","source":{"title":"Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/health-and-environmental-effects-particulate-matter-pm","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"health:f8":{"claim":"EPA says people with heart or lung diseases, children, older adults, minority populations and low socioeconomic status populations are the most likely to be affected by particle pollution exposure.","quote":"People with heart or lung diseases, children, older adults, minority populations, and low socioeconomic status populations are the most likely to be affected by particle pollution exposure.","source":{"title":"Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/health-and-environmental-effects-particulate-matter-pm","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"health:f9":{"claim":"EPA says NO2 gets into the air primarily from burning fuel, and that breathing air with a high concentration of NO2 can irritate airways in the human respiratory system.","quote":"NO2 primarily gets in the air from the burning of fuel. ... Breathing air with a high concentration of NO2 can irritate airways in the human respiratory system.","source":{"title":"Basic Information about NO2","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://www.epa.gov/no2-pollution/basic-information-about-no2","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"health:f10":{"claim":"Virginia DEQ says it is conducting a data center air monitoring project, funded by an EPA grant, in response to data center growth in Northern Virginia and citizen concerns about emissions from backup generators and/or natural gas turbines.","quote":"DEQ is conducting a special data center air monitoring project through a grant from EPA in response to the rapid growth of data centers in Northern Virginia and citizen concerns for emissions from back up generators and/or natural gas fired turbines at those data centers.","source":{"title":"Data Center Air Monitoring Project","publisher":"Virginia Department of Environmental Quality","url":"https://www.deq.virginia.gov/news-info/shortcuts/topics-of-interest/data-center-air-monitoring-project","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"health:f11":{"claim":"In a December 2024 piece titled 'Air Pollution and the Public Health Costs of AI', Caltech reported estimates of as many as 1,300 premature deaths per year in the U.S. by 2030, with total public health costs approaching an estimated $20 billion per year.","quote":"as many as 1,300 premature deaths per year by 2030 in the United States. Total public health costs from cancers, asthma, and other diseases, as well as from missed work and school days are approaching an estimated $20 billion per year.","source":{"title":"Air Pollution and the Public Health Costs of AI","publisher":"California Institute of Technology","url":"https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/air-pollution-and-the-public-health-costs-of-ai","date":"2024-12","type":"academic"}},"health:f12":{"claim":"The same Caltech piece says backup generators create regional public health costs of some $190 million to $260 million a year, and that costs would rise tenfold, to $1.9 billion to $2.6 billion, if they emitted at their maximum permitted level.","quote":"creating regional public health costs of some $190 million to $260 million a year. If these backup generators emit at their maximum permitted level, the annual costs will increase tenfold and reach $1.9 billion to $2.6 billion.","source":{"title":"Air Pollution and the Public Health Costs of AI","publisher":"California Institute of Technology","url":"https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/air-pollution-and-the-public-health-costs-of-ai","date":"2024-12","type":"academic"}},"health:f13":{"claim":"The latest version (June 2026) of the Han, Wu, Li, Wierman and Ren paper, now titled 'Health-Informed Computing' and listed as accepted by Communications of the ACM, projects the total annual public health burden of U.S. data centers at up to more than $20 billion in 2028.","quote":"the total annual public health burden of U.S. data centers up to more than $20 billion in 2028","source":{"title":"Health-Informed Computing: Estimating and Addressing the Public Health Impact of Data Centers (arXiv:2412.06288v4)","publisher":"arXiv (Han, Wu, Li, Wierman, Ren)","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.06288","date":"2026-06-08","type":"academic"}},"health:f15":{"claim":"The Southern Environmental Law Center says methane gas turbines release smog-forming pollution and chemicals like formaldehyde, which it ties to asthma, respiratory illness, heart problems and some cancers.","quote":"Methane gas turbines release smog-forming pollution and harmful chemicals like formaldehyde. The pollutants are tied to asthma, respiratory illnesses, heart problems, and even certain types of cancer.","source":{"title":"Memphis health leaders grant air permit for xAI data center","publisher":"Southern Environmental Law Center","url":"https://www.selc.org/press-release/memphis-health-leaders-grant-air-permit-for-xai-data-center/","date":"2025-07-02","type":"ngo"}},"health:f16":{"claim":"WHO/Europe said when releasing its 2018 environmental noise guidelines that noise is one of the top environmental hazards to physical and mental health and well-being in the European Region.","quote":"one of the top environmental hazards to both physical and mental health and well-being in the European Region","source":{"title":"New WHO noise guidelines for Europe released","publisher":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe","url":"https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/10-10-2018-new-who-noise-guidelines-for-europe-released","date":"2018-10-10","type":"government"}},"health:f17":{"claim":"WHO's 2018 Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region cover transportation (road, rail and aircraft) noise, wind turbine noise and leisure noise.","quote":"transportation (road traffic, railway and aircraft) noise, wind turbine noise and leisure noise","source":{"title":"Environmental noise guidelines for the European Region: executive summary","publisher":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe","url":"https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2018-3287-43046-60243","date":"2018","type":"government"}},"health:f18":{"claim":"EPA says studies have shown direct links between noise and health, including stress-related illnesses, high blood pressure, speech interference, hearing loss, sleep disruption and lost productivity.","quote":"Studies have shown that there are direct links between noise and health. ... stress related illnesses, high blood pressure, speech interference, hearing loss, sleep disruption, and lost productivity.","source":{"title":"Clean Air Act Title IV - Noise Pollution","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/clean-air-act-title-iv-noise-pollution","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"health:f19":{"claim":"EPA says that in 1981 the federal government concluded noise issues were best handled at the state and local level, closed EPA's Office of Noise Abatement and Control, and transferred primary responsibility to state and local governments.","quote":"in 1981 the Administration concluded that noise issues were best handled at the State and local level. As a result, ONAC was closed and primary responsibility of addressing noise issues was transferred to State and local governments.","source":{"title":"Clean Air Act Title IV - Noise Pollution","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/clean-air-act-title-iv-noise-pollution","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"health:f20":{"claim":"WHO (2007) describes a consistent pattern of a two-fold increase in childhood leukaemia associated with average residential power-frequency magnetic field exposure above 0.3 to 0.4 microtesla.","quote":"a consistent pattern of a two-fold increase in childhood leukaemia associated with average exposure to residential power-frequency magnetic field above 0.3 to 0.4 µT","source":{"title":"Exposure to extremely low frequency fields (Backgrounder)","publisher":"World Health Organization","url":"https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure","date":"2007-06","type":"government"}},"health:f21":{"claim":"In the same 2007 backgrounder, WHO concluded that, on balance, the evidence related to childhood leukaemia is not strong enough to be considered causal.","quote":"Thus, on balance, the evidence related to childhood leukaemia is not strong enough to be considered causal.","source":{"title":"Exposure to extremely low frequency fields (Backgrounder)","publisher":"World Health Organization","url":"https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/radiation-and-health/non-ionizing/exposure","date":"2007-06","type":"government"}},"health:f22":{"claim":"WHO (2016) says that despite extensive research there is no evidence to conclude that exposure to low-level electromagnetic fields is harmful to human health.","quote":"Despite extensive research, to date there is no evidence to conclude that exposure to low level electromagnetic fields is harmful to human health.","source":{"title":"Radiation: Electromagnetic fields (Q&A)","publisher":"World Health Organization","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-electromagnetic-fields","date":"2016-08-04","type":"government"}},"health:f23":{"claim":"The National Cancer Institute (reviewed 2022) lists power lines and electrical wiring among sources of extremely-low-frequency EMF, says no consistent evidence for an association between any source of non-ionizing EMF and cancer has been found, and says magnetic field strength decreases rapidly with distance from the source.","quote":"Sources of ELF-EMFs include power lines, electrical wiring, and electrical appliances ... No consistent evidence for an association between any source of non-ionizing EMF and cancer has been found. ... The strength of a magnetic field decreases rapidly with increasing distance from its source.","source":{"title":"Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer","publisher":"National Cancer Institute (NIH)","url":"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/radiation/electromagnetic-fields-fact-sheet","date":"2022-05-30","type":"government"}},"health:f24":{"claim":"The Korea Herald reported (Sept. 28, 2025) that a fire at South Korea's National Information Resources Service data center in Daejeon started when lithium-ion batteries in its uninterruptible power supply caught fire, and fire authorities said it took 22 hours to fully extinguish.","quote":"The blaze at the National Information Resources Service in Daejeon started when lithium-ion batteries caught fire in the facility's uninterruptible power supply system. ... It took 22 hours to fully extinguish the fire.","source":{"title":"Battery blaze at state data center casts shadow over ESS push","publisher":"The Korea Herald","url":"https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10585116","date":"2025-09-28","type":"news"}},"health:f25":{"claim":"Uptime Institute (Nov. 2025) said the Daejeon fire began when one of the battery packs in the basement entered thermal runaway, resulting in an uncontrolled fire.","quote":"One of the battery packs in the basement entered thermal runaway that resulted in an uncontrolled fire.","source":{"title":"South Korean data center fire sparks a stark reminder (Uptime Intelligence Update 429)","publisher":"Uptime Institute","url":"https://intelligence.uptimeinstitute.com/resource/south-korean-data-center-fire-sparks-stark-reminder","date":"2025-11-04","type":"other"}},"nova:f1":{"claim":"JLARC (Dec 2024) says the eastern part of Loudoun County north of Dulles International Airport has become known as 'Data Center Alley' because of its high concentration of data centers.","quote":"The eastern part of the county north of Dulles International Airport has become known as 'Data Center Alley' because of its high concentration of data centers.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"nova:f2":{"claim":"JLARC (Dec 2024) says 80 percent of Virginia's data center industry is concentrated in three Northern Virginia localities: Loudoun, Prince William and Fairfax.","quote":"80 percent of Virginia's data center industry is concentrated in three Northern Virginia localities: Loudoun, Prince William, and Fairfax.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"nova:f3":{"claim":"JLARC (Dec 2024) says Loudoun County alone accounts for approximately half of Virginia's data center industry by number of sites, building square footage and estimated energy use.","quote":"Loudoun County alone accounts for approximately half of the state's data center industry in terms of number of sites, building square footage, and estimated energy usage.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"nova:f4":{"claim":"JLARC (Dec 2024) says the establishment of an internet exchange point in the 1990s attracted major telecommunications and early internet companies to Northern Virginia.","quote":"The establishment of an internet exchange point in the 1990s further attracted major telecommunications and early internet companies to the region.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"nova:f5":{"claim":"Loudoun County says its data center story began in 1992, when engineers from Metropolitan Fiber Systems and UUNet connected local fiber networks in a parking garage in Vienna, Virginia, creating the first commercial Internet Exchange Point, known as MAE East, near Loudoun County.","quote":"Loudoun's data center story began in 1992, when engineers from Metropolitan Fiber Systems and UUNet hooked up local fiber networks in a parking garage in Vienna, Virginia, creating the first commercial Internet Exchange Point (IXP). The IXP was known as the Metropolitan Area Exchange – East, or MAE East, and was in close proximity to Loudoun County.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: The Loudoun Story","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6408/Data-Centers-The-Loudoun-Story","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"nova:f6":{"claim":"Loudoun County says America Online (AOL) opened its global headquarters in Ashburn in 1996 and UUNet opened its headquarters in Ashburn in 1998.","quote":"In 1996, America Online (AOL) opened its global headquarters in Ashburn ... UUNet, another of the world's first Internet Service Providers, subsequently opened its headquarters in Ashburn in 1998","source":{"title":"Data Centers: The Loudoun Story","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6408/Data-Centers-The-Loudoun-Story","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"nova:f7":{"claim":"Loudoun County says its Zoning Administrator determined data centers were permitted 'by right' (without additional legislative approval) in many office parks.","quote":"the Zoning Administrator determined that data centers were permitted 'by right' (without any additional legislative approval) in many of these office parks.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: The Loudoun Story","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6408/Data-Centers-The-Loudoun-Story","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"nova:f8":{"claim":"Loudoun County says there are approximately 233 existing data center buildings totaling approximately 56.5 million square feet, either built or under various stages of construction.","quote":"There are approximately 233 existing data center buildings, representing approximately 56.5 million square feet, either built or under various stages of the construction process.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: The Loudoun Story","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6408/Data-Centers-The-Loudoun-Story","date":"2026-03","type":"government"}},"nova:f9":{"claim":"Loudoun County Economic Development says 53.3 million square feet of data centers are in operation or under development in the county.","quote":"53.3 million square feet of data centers are currently in operation or under development.","source":{"title":"Data Centers","publisher":"Loudoun County Economic Development","url":"https://loudounpossible.com/data-centers","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"nova:f10":{"claim":"Loudoun County Economic Development says much of the world's internet traffic passes through Loudoun's digital infrastructure, known as 'Data Center Alley'.","quote":"Much of the world's internet traffic passes through Loudoun's digital infrastructure, known as 'Data Center Alley'.","source":{"title":"Data Centers","publisher":"Loudoun County Economic Development","url":"https://loudounpossible.com/data-centers","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"nova:f11":{"claim":"Washingtonian reported in September 2016, without naming a source, that an estimated 70 percent of the world's web traffic flows through Loudoun County's data centers.","quote":"An estimated 70 percent of the world's web traffic—streaming video, financial transactions, NSFW activities—flows through the colorful insides of these windowless buildings.","source":{"title":"70 Percent of the World's Web Traffic Flows Through Loudoun County","publisher":"Washingtonian","url":"https://washingtonian.com/2016/09/14/70-percent-worlds-web-traffic-flows-loudoun-county/","date":"2016-09-14","type":"news"}},"nova:f12":{"claim":"Loudoun County says data centers generated $1.2 billion in real and personal property tax revenue in FY2026 (39% of the county's overall budget), and its FY2027 adopted budget projects $1.3 billion (40% of the total budget).","quote":"In Fiscal Year 2026, data centers generated $1.2 billion in real and personal property tax revenue, representing 39% of the county's overall budget. The FY 2027 adopted budget projects data center revenue at $1.3 billion, representing 40% of the total budget.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: The Loudoun Story","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6408/Data-Centers-The-Loudoun-Story","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"nova:f13":{"claim":"JLARC (Dec 2024) says data center revenue accounted for 31 percent of total local tax revenue in Loudoun and 7 percent in Prince William.","quote":"Loudoun and Prince William have the largest and most mature markets, and data center revenue accounted for 31 percent and 7 percent, respectively, of total local tax revenue (Figure 2-4).","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598-2.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"nova:f14":{"claim":"Loudoun County says that, according to PJM, data centers in the county cumulatively use at least 3 gigawatts of power at any given time.","quote":"According to PJM, the Regional Transmission Organization serving Virginia, data centers in Loudoun County cumulatively use at least 3 gigawatt (GW) of power at any given time, which is enough to power 2.25 million average U.S. homes.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Energy Issues & Considerations","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6404/Energy-Issues-Considerations","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"nova:f15":{"claim":"Loudoun County says the regional power grid in Northern Virginia has become strained in large part due to increased electrical demand from data centers over the past 20-plus years.","quote":"In northern Virginia, the regional power grid has become strained in large part due to increased electrical demand from data centers over the past 20 plus years.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Energy Issues & Considerations","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6404/Energy-Issues-Considerations","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"nova:f16":{"claim":"Route Fifty reported (July 2022) a statement that accelerating data center growth was resulting in transmission constraints in a pocket of eastern Loudoun County that primarily serves large customers.","quote":"The data center industry has grown substantially in Northern Virginia in recent years, and we've made significant investments to meet the growing demand for electricity. That growth is now accelerating, which is resulting in transmission constraints in a pocket of eastern Loudoun County that primarily serves large customers.","source":{"title":"Power struggles in Data Center Alley","publisher":"Route Fifty","url":"https://www.route-fifty.com/infrastructure/2022/07/power-struggles-data-center-alley/375143/","date":"2022-07-29","type":"news"}},"nova:f17":{"claim":"Loudoun County says the State Corporation Commission (SCC), not the county, reviews and approves the routing of high-voltage transmission lines; the county may file a notice of participation in SCC cases.","quote":"the county may file a 'notice of participation' in cases before the State Corporation Commission (SCC), which is the regulatory authority over utilities in Virginia. The SCC is the governing body that reviews and approves the routing of high-voltage transmission line projects prior to construction.","source":{"title":"Transmission Lines in Loudoun County","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/transmissionlines","date":"2026-09","type":"government"}},"nova:f18":{"claim":"Virginia Mercury reported (article dated April 10, 2026) that the SCC 'on Thursday' approved above-ground construction of the Golden-Mars high-voltage transmission line in Loudoun County.","quote":"After months of fierce debate and community rallies, the State Corporation Commission on Thursday approved the above-ground construction of the Golden-Mars high-voltage transmission line in Loudoun County.","source":{"title":"SCC approves Loudoun transmission line, nixes undergrounding; final route to be determined","publisher":"Virginia Mercury","url":"https://virginiamercury.com/2026/04/10/scc-approves-loudoun-transmission-line-nixes-undergrounding-final-route-to-be-determined/","date":"2026-04-10","type":"news"}},"nova:f19":{"claim":"JLARC (Dec 2024) says an independent forecast it commissioned shows unconstrained demand for power in Virginia would double within 10 years, and that building enough infrastructure for unconstrained data center demand will be very difficult.","quote":"An independent forecast commissioned by JLARC shows that unconstrained demand for power in Virginia would double within the next 10 years. ... Building enough infrastructure for unconstrained data center demand will be very difficult to achieve.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (Summary)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/summary/Rpt598Sum.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government"}},"nova:f20":{"claim":"Loudoun County says that since eliminating 'by right' data center development in 2025, future data center proposals must obtain 'special exception' approval.","quote":"Since eliminating 'by right' data center development in 2025, Loudoun County has shifted its focus to strategically managing existing and proposed data centers, requiring future data center development proposals to obtain 'special exception' approval.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: The Loudoun Story","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6408/Data-Centers-The-Loudoun-Story","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"nova:f21":{"claim":"Loudoun Now reported (March 19, 2025) that the Board of Supervisors voted 7-2 to eliminate by-right data centers and narrowly adopted a resolution grandfathering applications submitted by Feb. 12 for projects more than 500 feet from residential units.","quote":"The vote to enact the change passed 7-2 with supervisors Kristen C. Umstattd (D-Leesburg) and Caleb A. Kershner (R-Catoctin) opposed. ... Supervisors also narrowly adopted a grandfathering resolution that exempted data center applications submitted by Feb. 12 for projects that are more than 500 feet away from residential units","source":{"title":"By-Right Data Centers Eliminated in Loudoun, Existing Applications Grandfathered","publisher":"Loudoun Now","url":"https://www.loudounnow.com/news/by-right-data-centers-eliminated-in-loudoun-existing-applications-grandfathered/article_130515be-0478-11f0-ab4f-7771b6b47f71.html","date":"2025-03-19","type":"news"}},"nova:f22":{"claim":"NBC4 Washington reported (Sept 2026) that the Loudoun Board of Supervisors voted 7-1-1 to direct staff to draft a resolution pausing data center applications for 12 months.","quote":"The vote directs board staff to draft a resolution that would pause data center applications for 12 months. It passed 7-1-1, with Supervisor Kristen Umstattd of the Leesburg district voting against it and Supervisor Caleb Kershner of the Catoctin district abstaining.","source":{"title":"Loudoun County board pauses data center applications","publisher":"NBC4 Washington","url":"https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/northern-virginia/loudoun-county-board-pauses-data-center-applications/4155005/","date":"2026-09-16","type":"news"}},"nova:f23":{"claim":"Prince William County says the Board's decisions to approve the Digital Gateway rezonings are void and the properties revert to their zoning immediately before the approvals.","quote":"The Board of County Supervisors decisions to approve the rezoning of the property are void and the zoning of the properties reverts back to the original zoning district immediately prior to the Board of County Supervisors approval of the rezonings.","source":{"title":"PW Digital Gateway","publisher":"Prince William County, Virginia","url":"https://www.pwcva.gov/department/planning-office/pw-digital-gateway","date":"2026-08-05","type":"government"}},"nova:f24":{"claim":"WTOP/InsideNoVa reported (April 2026) that a Prince William Circuit Court judge ruled in August 2025 that the Digital Gateway rezonings were void due to improper public notice before the county's December 2023 hearing and vote.","quote":"In August, Prince William Circuit Court Judge Kimberly Irving ruled the initial rezonings were void due to improper public notice ahead of the county's December 2023 hearing and eventual vote on the matter.","source":{"title":"Developers drop appeal of zoning decision on Digital Gateway project","publisher":"WTOP News (from InsideNoVa)","url":"https://wtop.com/prince-william-county/2026/04/developers-drop-appeal-of-zoning-decision-on-digital-gateway-project/","date":"2026-04","type":"news"}},"nova:f25":{"claim":"WTOP/InsideNoVa reported (April 2026) that at full buildout the Digital Gateway near Gainesville would be the largest data center campus in the world, with over 22 million square feet of data centers across 2,000 acres along Pageland Lane.","quote":"At full buildout, the Digital Gateway near Gainesville would be the largest data center campus in the world. It would include over 22 million square feet of data centers spread out across 2,000 acres along Pageland Lane.","source":{"title":"Developers drop appeal of zoning decision on Digital Gateway project","publisher":"WTOP News (from InsideNoVa)","url":"https://wtop.com/prince-william-county/2026/04/developers-drop-appeal-of-zoning-decision-on-digital-gateway-project/","date":"2026-04","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f1":{"claim":"According to a July 2026 CPUC draft resolution, Liberty serves approximately 49,000 electric customers in and around the California side of the Lake Tahoe Basin.","quote":"Liberty serves approximately 49,000 electric customers in and around the California side of the Lake Tahoe Basin.","source":{"title":"Draft Resolution E-5458: Liberty Utilities (CalPeco Electric) Request for Expedited Approval of Request for Proposals for Energy Supply and Energy Management Services","publisher":"California Public Utilities Commission","url":"https://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M607/K637/607637828.PDF","date":"2026-07-02","type":"government"}},"tahoe:f2":{"claim":"CapRadio reported in August 2026 that Liberty has no connection to the California grid and sources its energy entirely from Nevada, mostly from NV Energy.","quote":"Liberty has no connection to the California electrical grid. Instead, the utility sources its energy entirely from Nevada, the majority of which comes from another investor-owned utility, NV Energy.","source":{"title":"Tahoe's power search advances, but questions remain","publisher":"CapRadio","url":"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2026/08/06/tahoes-power-search-advances-but-questions-remain/","date":"2026-08-06","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f3":{"claim":"CalMatters reported in March 2026 that Liberty generates about 25 percent of its power from solar facilities in Nevada and buys the rest through NV Energy.","quote":"Liberty, whose territory sits on the border of California and Nevada, generates about 25 percent of its power from solar facilities in Nevada. The rest is purchased through Nevada-based NV Energy","source":{"title":"Nevada utility to Lake Tahoe: Find electricity elsewhere (CalMatters, republished)","publisher":"The Nevada Independent / CalMatters","url":"https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/nevada-utility-to-lake-tahoe-find-electricity-elsewhere","date":"2026-03-23","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f4":{"claim":"In its March 2026 advice letter to the CPUC, Liberty said NV Energy, citing its own resource needs, declined to extend the full-service supply arrangement beyond the later of May 2027 and a second milestone named in the filing.","quote":"NV Energy, citing its own resource needs, declined to extend the full-services arrangement beyond the later of May 2027","source":{"title":"Advice Letter 287-E: Request for Expedited Approval of Request for Proposals for Short-Term Energy Supply and Management Services","publisher":"Liberty Utilities (CalPeco Electric) LLC","url":"https://california.libertyutilities.com/uploads/CalPeco%20ALs/Liberty%20AL%20287-E%20Liberty%20Energy%20Supply%20RFP%20Public%20Version.pdf","date":"2026-03-06","type":"utility"}},"tahoe:f5":{"claim":"The CPUC draft resolution states the current NV Energy Energy Services Agreement, approved in January 2026, ends when NV Energy's Greenlink-West line is operational or in May 2027, whichever is later.","quote":"The current NV Energy ESA, approved in January 2026, will end when NV Energy's new Greenlink-West transmission line is operational, or May 2027, whichever is later.","source":{"title":"Draft Resolution E-5458: Liberty Utilities (CalPeco Electric) Request for Expedited Approval of Request for Proposals for Energy Supply and Energy Management Services","publisher":"California Public Utilities Commission","url":"https://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M607/K637/607637828.PDF","date":"2026-07-02","type":"government"}},"tahoe:f6":{"claim":"CapRadio reported in August 2026 that, after several renewals, the NV Energy-Liberty supply deal is set to run until December 31, 2027.","quote":"Both companies acknowledged the agreement was always meant to be temporary, as Liberty was expected to secure its own transmission rights and energy supply. After being renewed several times, the deal is now set to run until December 31, 2027.","source":{"title":"Tahoe's power search advances, but questions remain","publisher":"CapRadio","url":"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2026/08/06/tahoes-power-search-advances-but-questions-remain/","date":"2026-08-06","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f7":{"claim":"South Tahoe Now, publishing Liberty's timeline in July 2026, reported the official transition is expected to begin in 2028 once Greenlink is in service, which NV Energy's most recent public posting expects by December 31, 2027.","quote":"The official transition is expected to take place beginning in 2028, once NV Energy's Greenlink project goes into service and the transmission capacity rights become available to enable this transition to the energy market. In the most recent public posting, NV Energy expects this to occur by December 31, 2027.","source":{"title":"CPUC gives okay for Liberty to issue RFP for new energy supply","publisher":"South Tahoe Now","url":"https://southtahoenow.com/07/30/2026/cpuc-gives-okay-for-liberty-to-issue-rfp-for-new-energy-supply","date":"2026-07-30","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f8":{"claim":"Fortune reported that NV Energy sold its California electric assets to Liberty in 2009 and agreed to supply power temporarily, with extensions in 2015, 2020 and late 2025.","quote":"NV Energy sold its California electric assets to Liberty in 2009 and agreed to keep supplying power temporarily. That arrangement was extended in 2015, again in 2020, and once more in late 2025.","source":{"title":"'It's like we don't exist': Nearly 50,000 Lake Tahoe residents face power loss as utility redirects lines to data centers","publisher":"Fortune","url":"https://fortune.com/2026/05/12/lake-tahoe-data-center-49000-residents-power-source/","date":"2026-05-12","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f9":{"claim":"The CPUC draft resolution records Liberty's view that, absent unexpected and unprecedented large load developments in northern Nevada, NV Energy would have been amenable to continuing full-service supply.","quote":"Absent the unexpected and unprecedented large load developments in northern Nevada, Liberty believes that NV Energy would have been amenable to providing continued full-service energy supplies.","source":{"title":"Draft Resolution E-5458: Liberty Utilities (CalPeco Electric) Request for Expedited Approval of Request for Proposals for Energy Supply and Energy Management Services","publisher":"California Public Utilities Commission","url":"https://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M607/K637/607637828.PDF","date":"2026-07-02","type":"government"}},"tahoe:f10":{"claim":"The CPUC draft resolution describes the northern Nevada electricity market as competitive, with a number of entities seeking to add large loads such as data centers.","quote":"The electricity market in Northern Nevada is competitive, as a number of entities are seeking to add large loads, such as data centers, into the area.","source":{"title":"Draft Resolution E-5458: Liberty Utilities (CalPeco Electric) Request for Expedited Approval of Request for Proposals for Energy Supply and Energy Management Services","publisher":"California Public Utilities Commission","url":"https://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M607/K637/607637828.PDF","date":"2026-07-02","type":"government"}},"tahoe:f11":{"claim":"In May 2026, NV Energy said the decision for Liberty to move to its own supply is based on agreements and planning dating back more than a decade, and said data centers did not influence the decision.","quote":"NV Energy says the decision for Liberty to move to its own power supply is based on agreements and planning that date back more than a decade.","source":{"title":"NV Energy responds to Fortune article about South Lake Tahoe's power supply","publisher":"2 News Nevada (KTVN)","url":"https://www.2news.com/townnews/politics/nv-energy-responds-to-fortune-article-about-south-lake-tahoes-power-supply/article_759d4d36-eac2-496f-b238-05a207f808eb.html","date":"2026-05-15","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f12":{"claim":"NV Energy also said in May 2026 that there is no scenario in which Liberty customers will be left without service.","quote":"NV Energy says a transition is happening, but there is no scenario where Liberty customers will be left without service.","source":{"title":"NV Energy responds to Fortune article about South Lake Tahoe's power supply","publisher":"2 News Nevada (KTVN)","url":"https://www.2news.com/townnews/politics/nv-energy-responds-to-fortune-article-about-south-lake-tahoes-power-supply/article_759d4d36-eac2-496f-b238-05a207f808eb.html","date":"2026-05-15","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f13":{"claim":"NV Energy's Nannini told Moonshine Ink the decision was based on original contractual intent 'well before data center load growth was a consideration' and that data center growth did not change that position.","quote":"NV Energy's Nannini said, contrary to other media reports, the decision to stop providing power for Liberty was not driven by the rise of data centers, citing original contractual intent 'well before data center load growth was a consideration … Data center growth did not change that position.'","source":{"title":"A Shock to the System","publisher":"Moonshine Ink","url":"https://www.moonshineink.com/tahoe-news/a-shock-to-the-system/","date":"2026-05-14","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f14":{"claim":"NV Energy told CapRadio there is no correlation between the rise of data centers and its plans to stop supplying Liberty's electricity.","quote":"there is no correlation between the rise of data centers and NV Energy's plans to stop supplying Liberty's electricity","source":{"title":"Tahoe's power search advances, but questions remain","publisher":"CapRadio","url":"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2026/08/06/tahoes-power-search-advances-but-questions-remain/","date":"2026-08-06","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f15":{"claim":"Moonshine Ink reported that Liberty's March 2026 letter to the CPUC described NV Energy's discontinuance of supply as 'a surprise.'","quote":"The discontinuance of power generation by NV Energy, as noted in a March letter to CPUC from Liberty, came as 'a surprise.'","source":{"title":"A Shock to the System","publisher":"Moonshine Ink","url":"https://www.moonshineink.com/tahoe-news/a-shock-to-the-system/","date":"2026-05-14","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f16":{"claim":"Fortune's May 2026 article asserted, in its own words, that NV Energy needs the capacity for data centers; NV Energy disputed this (see f11-f14).","quote":"The reason? NV Energy needs the capacity for data centers.","source":{"title":"'It's like we don't exist': Nearly 50,000 Lake Tahoe residents face power loss as utility redirects lines to data centers","publisher":"Fortune","url":"https://fortune.com/2026/05/12/lake-tahoe-data-center-49000-residents-power-source/","date":"2026-05-12","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f17":{"claim":"CapRadio reported that in July 2026 the CPUC voted to authorize Liberty to issue a request for proposals for a new supplier.","quote":"Last month, executives with the California Public Utilities Commission voted to authorize Liberty Utilities to issue a request for proposals (RFP) for that new supplier.","source":{"title":"Tahoe's power search advances, but questions remain","publisher":"CapRadio","url":"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2026/08/06/tahoes-power-search-advances-but-questions-remain/","date":"2026-08-06","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f18":{"claim":"Per CapRadio, Liberty's FAQ says bidding opens summer 2026, results likely in winter 2026-27, CPUC approval expected spring or summer 2027, and an official transition starting in 2028.","quote":"The page says Liberty will open the bidding process this summer and likely reveal the results in winter 2026-27, with CPUC approval expected next spring or summer and an official transition starting in 2028.","source":{"title":"Tahoe's power search advances, but questions remain","publisher":"CapRadio","url":"https://www.capradio.org/articles/2026/08/06/tahoes-power-search-advances-but-questions-remain/","date":"2026-08-06","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f19":{"claim":"Liberty says NV Energy will no longer be its energy supplier but will remain its transmission provider.","quote":"While NV Energy will no longer be Liberty's energy supplier, NV Energy will remain our transmission provider.","source":{"title":"What is changing with Liberty's energy supply? (Energy Supply Q&A)","publisher":"Liberty Utilities","url":"https://california.libertyutilities.com/uploads/Energy%20Supply%20QA_Final%20v2.pdf","date":"2026","type":"utility"}},"tahoe:f20":{"claim":"In its 2026 IRP application filed May 6, 2026 with the Public Utilities Commission of Nevada, NV Energy said it had received about 22 GW of data center interest inquiries and executed about 6 GW of signed Rule 9 infrastructure agreements.","quote":"NV Energy has received approximately 22,000 megawatts (\"MW\") or 22 gigawatts (\"GW\") of interest inquiries from data centers and has executed approximately 6 GW of signed Rule 9 agreements","source":{"title":"Joint Application for approval of the 2027-2046 Integrated Resource Plan, Volume 2 of 41 - Application, Exhibits and Testimony","publisher":"Nevada Power Company and Sierra Pacific Power Company d/b/a NV Energy (filed with the Public Utilities Commission of Nevada)","url":"https://www.nvenergy.com/publish/content/dam/nvenergy/brochures_arch/about-nvenergy/rates-regulatory/recent-regulatory-filings/2026-irp/NPC-SPPC-Volume-2.pdf","date":"2026-05-06","type":"utility"}},"tahoe:f21":{"claim":"The same May 2026 IRP filing says about 84 percent (almost 5 GW) of the signed agreements are with large-load customers in northern Nevada and that Sierra Pacific's forecast projects kWh sales doubling by 2029.","quote":"approximately 84 percent (almost 5 GW) of the signed agreements are with large-load customers in northern Nevada—Sierra's load forecast projects kilowatt-hour (\"kWh\") sales will double by 2029","source":{"title":"Joint Application for approval of the 2027-2046 Integrated Resource Plan, Volume 2 of 41 - Application, Exhibits and Testimony","publisher":"Nevada Power Company and Sierra Pacific Power Company d/b/a NV Energy (filed with the Public Utilities Commission of Nevada)","url":"https://www.nvenergy.com/publish/content/dam/nvenergy/brochures_arch/about-nvenergy/rates-regulatory/recent-regulatory-filings/2026-irp/NPC-SPPC-Volume-2.pdf","date":"2026-05-06","type":"utility"}},"tahoe:f22":{"claim":"The filing gives Sierra Pacific's (northern Nevada) 2025 peak load as 2,073 MW, compared with Nevada Power's 6,168 MW.","quote":"Putting it in perspective, Nevada Power's peak load for 2025 was 6,168 MW and Sierra's peak load for 2025 was 2,073 MW.","source":{"title":"Joint Application for approval of the 2027-2046 Integrated Resource Plan, Volume 2 of 41 - Application, Exhibits and Testimony","publisher":"Nevada Power Company and Sierra Pacific Power Company d/b/a NV Energy (filed with the Public Utilities Commission of Nevada)","url":"https://www.nvenergy.com/publish/content/dam/nvenergy/brochures_arch/about-nvenergy/rates-regulatory/recent-regulatory-filings/2026-irp/NPC-SPPC-Volume-2.pdf","date":"2026-05-06","type":"utility"}},"tahoe:f23":{"claim":"CalMatters reported that NV Energy's director of business development said at a September 2025 event that data centers had driven requests to triple the company's peak capacity.","quote":"Data centers have driven requests to triple the company's peak capacity, NV Energy's director of business development said at a regional business event in September, as first reported by the Las Vegas Review-Journal.","source":{"title":"Nevada utility to Lake Tahoe: Find electricity elsewhere (CalMatters, republished)","publisher":"The Nevada Independent / CalMatters","url":"https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/nevada-utility-to-lake-tahoe-find-electricity-elsewhere","date":"2026-03-23","type":"news"}},"tahoe:f24":{"claim":"Fortune reported that the Desert Research Institute, using NV Energy's 2024 IRP data, found 12 data center projects mostly in northern Nevada could drive 5,900 MW of new demand by 2033.","quote":"The Desert Research Institute, using data from NV Energy's 2024 Integrated Resource Plan, found that the 12 data center projects located overwhelmingly in Northern Nevada could drive 5,900 megawatts of new demand by 2033.","source":{"title":"'It's like we don't exist': Nearly 50,000 Lake Tahoe residents face power loss as utility redirects lines to data centers","publisher":"Fortune","url":"https://fortune.com/2026/05/12/lake-tahoe-data-center-49000-residents-power-source/","date":"2026-05-12","type":"news"}},"gloss:f1":{"claim":"The Congressional Research Service defines a data center as a physical facility that houses and runs large computer systems.","quote":"A physical facility that houses and runs large computer systems","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48646.html","date":"2026-05-12","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f2":{"claim":"According to industry analysts cited by CRS, a hyperscale data center should have at least 5,000 servers, at least 10,000 square feet of space, and an electric power rating above 100 megawatts.","quote":"According to industry analysts, to be considered a hyperscale data center, a facility should contain at least 5,000 computer servers and a large scale of network equipment and occupy at least 10,000 square feet of physical space, with an electric power rating, sometimes referred to as power draw, exceeding 100 megawatts (MW; one megawatt is equal to 1 million watts).","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48646.html","date":"2026-05-12","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f3":{"claim":"A colocation (or \"managed\") data center is owned and operated by a third-party company that rents space, equipment or services to other organizations, according to CRS.","quote":"Other organizations, especially those lacking the space, staff, or IT resources, often choose to rent a space, equipment, or services within a colocation data center (also known as a \"managed data center\") owned and operated by a third-party company.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48646.html","date":"2026-05-12","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f4":{"claim":"An enterprise data center is an on-premises data center that a company builds, owns and operates to house and manage its own IT infrastructure, according to CRS.","quote":"For example, a large company may choose to build, own, and operate an on-premises data center (also known as an \"enterprise data center\") to house and manage its own IT infrastructure.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48646.html","date":"2026-05-12","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f5":{"claim":"Edge data centers are smaller data centers located physically closer to end users to reduce network delay and speed up content delivery, according to CRS.","quote":"Cloud computing service providers may also operate and maintain smaller data centers physically located closer to end users (called \"edge data centers\") to reduce network latency and data communication delay, speed up content distribution, optimize real-time, data-intensive workloads, and improve application performance and user experience.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48646.html","date":"2026-05-12","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f6":{"claim":"CRS notes that Executive Order 14141 defined an AI data center as a data center used primarily to develop or operate artificial intelligence.","quote":"In E.O. 14141, the term AI data center means a data center used primarily to develop or operate AI","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Cloud Computing: Information Technology Infrastructure for Artificial Intelligence (IF12899)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF12899.html","date":"2025-02-05","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f7":{"claim":"CRS says a GPU is generally considered better than a CPU at handling AI computing tasks, and that current chip technology links hundreds of GPUs across multiple servers with high-speed connections.","quote":"a GPU is generally considered better than a CPU to handle AI computational tasks ... Cutting-edge chip technologies also support high-speed (at the gigabit-per-second level) GPU-to-GPU data communication among hundreds of GPUs across multiple servers","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Cloud Computing: Information Technology Infrastructure for Artificial Intelligence (IF12899)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF12899.html","date":"2025-02-05","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f8":{"claim":"The U.S. Energy Information Administration defines a megawatt as one million watts of electricity.","quote":"Megawatt (MW): One million watts of electricity.","source":{"title":"Glossary","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=M","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f9":{"claim":"EIA defines a gigawatt as one billion watts, or one thousand megawatts.","quote":"Gigawatt (GW): One billion watts or one thousand megawatts.","source":{"title":"Glossary","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=G","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f10":{"claim":"EIA defines a megawatt-hour as one thousand kilowatt-hours or one million watt-hours.","quote":"Megawatthour (MWh): One thousand kilowatt-hours or 1 million watt-hours.","source":{"title":"Glossary","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=M","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f11":{"claim":"EIA defines generator nameplate capacity as the maximum rated output of a generator or other power equipment under manufacturer-specified conditions, usually expressed in megawatts.","quote":"The maximum rated output of a generator, prime mover, or other electric power production equipment under specific conditions designated by the manufacturer. Installed generator nameplate capacity is commonly expressed in megawatts (MW)","source":{"title":"Glossary","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=G","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f12":{"claim":"The DOE Better Buildings 'Data Center Metering and Resource Guide' (hosted on LBNL's datacenters.lbl.gov) describes IT equipment energy as the energy used by all of a data center's IT equipment, such as compute, storage and network equipment.","quote":"IT equipment energy includes the energy associated with all of the IT equipment (e.g., compute, storage, and network equipment).","source":{"title":"Data Center Metering and Resource Guide","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy Better Buildings (hosted by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)","url":"https://datacenters.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/DataCenterMeteringandResourceGuide_02072017.pdf","date":"2017-02","type":"national-lab","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f13":{"claim":"The same DOE Better Buildings guide describes total facility energy as all IT equipment energy plus everything that supports the IT equipment, such as power delivery, cooling and lighting.","quote":"Total facility energy includes all IT equipment energy as described above, plus everything that supports the IT equipment using energy, such as: Power delivery components...Cooling system components...Lighting.","source":{"title":"Data Center Metering and Resource Guide","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy Better Buildings (hosted by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)","url":"https://datacenters.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/DataCenterMeteringandResourceGuide_02072017.pdf","date":"2017-02","type":"national-lab","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f14":{"claim":"CRS describes PUE as the ratio of all the power a data center uses to the power used by its IT equipment alone.","quote":"An expression or metric sometimes used to describe the energy performance of data centers is power usage effectiveness (PUE), which is the ratio of all the power used by the data center to the power used by just the IT equipment.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and Their Energy Consumption: Frequently Asked Questions (R48646)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48646.html","date":"2026-05-12","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f15":{"claim":"NREL defines PUE as the ratio of the total power used by a data center facility to the power delivered to its computing equipment.","quote":"PUE is the ratio of the total amount of power used by a computer data center facility to the power delivered to computing equipment.","source":{"title":"High-Performance Computing Data Center Power Usage Effectiveness","publisher":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","url":"https://www.nrel.gov/computational-science/measuring-efficiency-pue","date":"2026","type":"national-lab","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f16":{"claim":"The Green Grid's WUE metric, measured in liters per kilowatt-hour, is meant to be used alongside PUE and carbon usage effectiveness to assess a data center's water, energy and carbon sustainability.","quote":"The new water usage effectiveness (WUE™) metric—combined with the PUE and carbon usage effectiveness (CUE™) metrics—enables data center operators to quickly assess the water, energy, and carbon sustainability aspects of their data centers. ... The units of WUE are liters/kilowatt-hour (L/kWh).","source":{"title":"Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE): A Green Grid Data Center Sustainability Metric (White Paper #35)","publisher":"The Green Grid","url":"https://www.thegreengrid.org/system/files/store/WUE_v1.pdf","date":"2011","type":"ngo","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f17":{"claim":"Uptime Institute describes a Tier I data center as the basic capacity level, with infrastructure to support IT for an office setting and beyond.","quote":"A Tier I data center is the basic capacity level with infrastructure to support information technology for an office setting and beyond.","source":{"title":"Uptime Institute Tier Classification System","publisher":"Uptime Institute","url":"https://uptimeinstitute.com/tiers","date":"2026","type":"company","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f18":{"claim":"Uptime Institute describes Tier II facilities as having redundant power and cooling components that allow better maintenance and protection against disruptions.","quote":"Tier II facilities cover redundant capacity components for power and cooling that provide better maintenance opportunities and safety against disruptions.","source":{"title":"Uptime Institute Tier Classification System","publisher":"Uptime Institute","url":"https://uptimeinstitute.com/tiers","date":"2026","type":"company","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f19":{"claim":"Uptime Institute describes a Tier III data center as concurrently maintainable, with redundant components and redundant distribution paths serving the critical environment.","quote":"A Tier III data center is concurrently maintainable with redundant components as a key differentiator, with redundant distribution paths to serve the critical environment.","source":{"title":"Uptime Institute Tier Classification System","publisher":"Uptime Institute","url":"https://uptimeinstitute.com/tiers","date":"2026","type":"company","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f20":{"claim":"Uptime Institute describes a Tier IV data center as having several independent, physically isolated systems that serve as redundant components and distribution paths.","quote":"A Tier IV data center has several independent and physically isolated systems that act as redundant capacity components and distribution paths.","source":{"title":"Uptime Institute Tier Classification System","publisher":"Uptime Institute","url":"https://uptimeinstitute.com/tiers","date":"2026","type":"company","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f21":{"claim":"EPA's ENERGY STAR program describes an uninterruptible power supply as battery backup that protects connected equipment such as computers and servers from power outages.","quote":"An Uninterruptible Power Supply (aka a UPS Battery Backup) protects vital connected equipment -- computers, servers, and telecommunications equipment -- from power outages.","source":{"title":"Uninterruptible Power Supplies","publisher":"ENERGY STAR (U.S. EPA)","url":"https://www.energystar.gov/products/uninterruptible_power_supplies","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f22":{"claim":"EIA defines a backup generator as one used only for testing or in an emergency, such as a power shortage.","quote":"Backup generator: A generator that is used only for test purposes, or in the event of an emergency, such as a shortage of power needed to meet customer load requirements.","source":{"title":"Glossary","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=B","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f23":{"claim":"CRS says data centers typically have on-site backup generators designed to run during a grid outage.","quote":"Data centers also typically have backup generators on-site designed to operate in case of a grid outage.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and the Electricity Grid: Frequently Asked Questions (R49326)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49326.html","date":"2026-09-01","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f24":{"claim":"EIA defines a substation as facility equipment that switches, changes or regulates electric voltage.","quote":"Substation: Facility equipment that switches, changes, or regulates electric voltage.","source":{"title":"Glossary","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=S","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f25":{"claim":"EIA defines a transmission line as the conductors, insulators, structures and equipment used to move large amounts of power at high voltage, usually over long distances to major substations or delivery points.","quote":"A set of conductors, insulators, supporting structures, and associated equipment used to move large quantities of power at high voltage, usually over long distances between a generating or receiving point and major substations or delivery points.","source":{"title":"Glossary","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=T","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f26":{"claim":"CRS describes the transmission system as high-voltage lines (above 100 kilovolts) that move power long distances, and the distribution system as low-voltage lines that deliver electricity to most homes and businesses.","quote":"The transmission system consists of high-voltage (rated above 100 kilovolts) power lines and associated equipment that move power across long distances. The distribution system consists of low-voltage power lines and associated equipment that makes final delivery of electricity to most homes and businesses.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and the Electricity Grid: Frequently Asked Questions (R49326)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49326.html","date":"2026-09-01","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f27":{"claim":"CRS explains that power plant developers asking to connect to the grid are placed in an interconnection queue to wait for an interconnection study.","quote":"Power plant developers requesting to interconnect to the grid are placed in an interconnection queue to wait their turn for an interconnection study to be completed.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and the Electricity Grid: Frequently Asked Questions (R49326)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49326.html","date":"2026-09-01","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f28":{"claim":"FERC's large-load interconnection proceeding (Docket RM26-4) concerns how large loads, generally defined as electricity demand greater than 20 megawatts, connect to the transmission system.","quote":"The ANOPR seeks public input on potential reforms related to how large loads — generally defined as electricity demand greater than 20 megawatts (MW) – interconnect to the transmission system.","source":{"title":"Interconnection of Large Loads to the Interstate Transmission System (Docket No. RM26-4-000)","publisher":"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission","url":"https://www.ferc.gov/rm26-4","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f29":{"claim":"NYU Law's State Energy & Environmental Impact Center defines a large load tariff as a set of rules for electric service between customers above a certain size and the utility serving them.","quote":"A large load tariff is a set of rules for electric service between customers over a certain size and the electric utility company that will serve them.","source":{"title":"A New Regulatory Approach to Rising Electricity Demand: \"Large Load Tariffs\"","publisher":"State Energy & Environmental Impact Center, NYU School of Law","url":"https://stateimpactcenter.org/insights/a-new-regulatory-approach-to-rising-electricity-demand-large-load-tariffs","date":"2026-04-09","type":"academic","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f30":{"claim":"In April 2026 the Pennsylvania PUC said its model large load tariff provisions apply to customers over 50 MW individually or 100 MW in aggregate.","quote":"Tariff provisions will apply to customers over 50 MW individually or 100 MW in the aggregate.","source":{"title":"PUC Acts to Protect Ratepayers, Guide Data Center Growth with New Large Load Tariff Framework","publisher":"Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission","url":"https://www.puc.pa.gov/press-release/2026/puc-acts-to-protect-ratepayers-guide-data-center-growth-with-new-large-load-tariff-framework-4-30-26","date":"2026-04-30","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f31":{"claim":"CRS describes behind-the-meter generation as power plants a data center developer buys or builds to self-supply electricity delivered directly to the data center without using the utility grid.","quote":"A third option for data center developers is to self-supply electricity by buying or building behind-the-meter power plants, also referred to as behind-the-meter generation. In this case, the electricity generated by the power plant is delivered directly to the data center without using the utility's electric grid.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and the Electricity Grid: Frequently Asked Questions (R49326)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49326.html","date":"2026-09-01","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f32":{"claim":"EIA defines demand response programs as incentive programs that encourage customers to temporarily reduce electricity demand at certain times in exchange for lower bills.","quote":"Incentive-based programs that encourage electric power customers to temporarily reduce their demand for power at certain times in exchange for a reduction in their electricity bills.","source":{"title":"Glossary","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=D","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f33":{"claim":"CRS says demand response programs typically pay customers to reduce electricity demand when the utility asks, usually when supplies are constrained.","quote":"Demand response programs typically compensate electricity customers for reducing their electricity demand when their utility requests it, usually when utility electricity supplies are constrained.","source":{"title":"Data Centers and the Electricity Grid: Frequently Asked Questions (R49326)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49326.html","date":"2026-09-01","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f34":{"claim":"CRS uses \"flexibility\" for a data center's ability to cut its demand during peak hours by pausing or slowing computing tasks or switching to backup power.","quote":"Some data centers have the technical potential to decrease their demand during peak demand hours, either by pausing or slowing computational tasks or by switching to backup power supplies. This behavior is known as flexibility","source":{"title":"Data Centers and the Electricity Grid: Frequently Asked Questions (R49326)","publisher":"Congressional Research Service (via EveryCRSReport.com)","url":"https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49326.html","date":"2026-09-01","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f35":{"claim":"EIA defines interruptible load as customer load that, under contract, can be interrupted at the time of annual peak at the direct request of the system operator.","quote":"The consumer load that, in accordance with contractual arrangements, can be interrupted at the time of annual peak load by the action of the consumer at the direct request of the system operator.","source":{"title":"Glossary","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=I","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f36":{"claim":"EIA defines an independent system operator as an independent, federally regulated entity that coordinates regional transmission and ensures electric system safety and reliability.","quote":"An independent, federally regulated entity established to coordinate regional transmission in a non-discriminatory manner and ensure the safety and reliability of the electric system.","source":{"title":"Glossary","publisher":"U.S. Energy Information Administration","url":"https://www.eia.gov/tools/glossary/index.php?id=I","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f37":{"claim":"A University of Georgia Extension publication says most large modern data centers use evaporative cooling because it is energy-efficient, with the downside that it directly consumes water.","quote":"A majority of large modern data centers use evaporative cooling because it is energy-efficient, especially in hot climates. The downside is that it directly consumes water.","source":{"title":"Understanding How Data Centers Impact Surface and Ground Waters","publisher":"University of Georgia College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences (UGA Extension)","url":"https://fieldreport.caes.uga.edu/publications/TP121/how-data-centers-impact-surface-and-ground-waters/","date":"2026-06-10","type":"academic","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f38":{"claim":"Louisiana's Department of Conservation and Energy describes open-loop cooling as warm water from servers being cooled by direct contact with air, causing evaporation and continuous water consumption.","quote":"Warm water from servers is cooled by direct contact with air, causing evaporation. ... Evaporation removes heat very efficiently. However, evaporation means continuous water consumption.","source":{"title":"Open-Loop vs. Closed-Loop Cooling for Data Centers (fact sheet)","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Conservation and Energy","url":"https://www.dce.louisiana.gov/assets/CE-General/Fact-Sheets/Open-Loop-vs-Closed-Loop-Cooling-Fact-Sheet.pdf","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f39":{"claim":"Louisiana's Department of Conservation and Energy describes closed-loop cooling as water or coolant circulating in sealed pipes or coils that are never exposed to air.","quote":"Water or coolant circulates in sealed pipes or coils, never being exposed to air.","source":{"title":"Open-Loop vs. Closed-Loop Cooling for Data Centers (fact sheet)","publisher":"Louisiana Department of Conservation and Energy","url":"https://www.dce.louisiana.gov/assets/CE-General/Fact-Sheets/Open-Loop-vs-Closed-Loop-Cooling-Fact-Sheet.pdf","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f40":{"claim":"USGS defines water withdrawal as water removed from the ground or diverted from a surface-water source for use.","quote":"Water removed from the ground or diverted from a surface-water source for use.","source":{"title":"Water-Use Terminology","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/water-use-terminology","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f41":{"claim":"USGS defines consumptive use as the part of withdrawn water that is evaporated, transpired, built into products, consumed, or otherwise not available for immediate reuse.","quote":"The part of water withdrawn that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise not available for immediate use.","source":{"title":"Water-Use Terminology","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","url":"https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/water-use-terminology","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f42":{"claim":"New York City's Department of Finance explains that under PILOT agreements, properties are exempt from property taxes and instead make a payment in lieu of taxes.","quote":"Through these agreements, properties are exempt from property taxes and instead make a Payment in Lieu of Taxes (PILOT).","source":{"title":"Payment in Lieu of Taxes (PILOT) Agreements","publisher":"NYC Department of Finance","url":"https://www.nyc.gov/site/finance/business/benefits-payment-in-lieu-of-taxes-agreements-pilot.page","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f43":{"claim":"The New York State Comptroller describes a PILOT as a mechanism for collecting revenue to support municipal services, often included in agreements with developments receiving a tax benefit.","quote":"A PILOT is another mechanism for collecting revenue to support municipal services. ... PILOTs are often included as part of an IDA agreement with a commercial or industrial development that is receiving a tax benefit for the duration of a project.","source":{"title":"Property Tax Exemptions in New York State","publisher":"Office of the New York State Comptroller","url":"https://www.osc.ny.gov/files/local-government/publications/pdf/propertytax_exemptions.pdf","date":"2013-10","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f44":{"claim":"The Texas Comptroller defines a tax abatement (under Texas law) as a local agreement that exempts all or part of the increase in a property's value from taxation for up to 10 years.","quote":"A tax abatement is a local agreement between a taxpayer and a local taxing unit that exempts all or part of the increase in the value of property from taxation for a period not to exceed 10 years.","source":{"title":"What Is a Tax Abatement?","publisher":"Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts","url":"https://comptroller.texas.gov/economy/development/prop-tax/ch312/about-abatements.php","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f45":{"claim":"Good Jobs First, a subsidy watchdog group, describes property tax abatements as subsidies that reduce or eliminate the taxes a company pays on its property.","quote":"Property tax abatements, exemptions, and reductions are subsidies that lower the cost of owning real and business personal property by reducing or eliminating the taxes a company pays on it.","source":{"title":"Property Tax Abatements","publisher":"Good Jobs First","url":"https://goodjobsfirst.org/property-tax-abatements/","date":"2026","type":"ngo","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f46":{"claim":"Virginia exempts qualifying computer equipment bought by data centers from retail sales and use tax if the data center meets statutory investment and employment requirements, according to the Virginia Economic Development Partnership.","quote":"Virginia offers an exemption from retail sales and use tax for qualifying computer equipment purchased by data centers that meet statutory investment and employment requirements.","source":{"title":"Data Center Retail Sales & Use Tax Exemption","publisher":"Virginia Economic Development Partnership","url":"https://www.vedp.org/incentive/data-center-retail-sales-use-tax-exemption","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f47":{"claim":"Fairfax County, Va., describes a rezoning (zoning map amendment) as one of the tools for changing land use, which only its Board of Supervisors can approve.","quote":"A zoning map amendment (also known as a rezoning) is one of the instruments by which a change in land use occurs. ... The rezoning of land can only be approved by the Board of Supervisors.","source":{"title":"Rezoning Process","publisher":"Fairfax County (Va.) Department of Planning and Development","url":"https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/planning-development/zoning/rezoning-process","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f48":{"claim":"Fairfax County defines a proffer as a written condition voluntarily offered by a property owner and accepted by the Board of Supervisors in a rezoning, which becomes legally binding.","quote":"A written condition, which, when offered voluntarily by a property owner and accepted by the Board of Supervisors in a rezoning action, becomes a legally binding condition.","source":{"title":"Zoning Glossary","publisher":"Fairfax County (Va.) Department of Planning and Development","url":"https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/planning-development/zoning/glossary","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f49":{"claim":"Fairfax County describes special exception and special permit uses as land uses that can have undue impacts on or be incompatible with other uses and so need site-specific review.","quote":"Uses, which by their nature, can have an undue impact upon or can be incompatible with other land uses and therefore need a site-specific review.","source":{"title":"Zoning Glossary","publisher":"Fairfax County (Va.) Department of Planning and Development","url":"https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/planning-development/zoning/glossary","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f50":{"claim":"Wake County, N.C., describes a special use as a land use that might be appropriate in a zoning district if special standards ensure it is located, designed and operated in harmony with neighboring development.","quote":"A land use designated as a 'special use' in a zoning district is one that might be appropriate if special standards are in place to ensure it is located, designed and operated in a manner that is in harmony with neighboring development.","source":{"title":"Special Use","publisher":"Wake County (N.C.) Government","url":"https://www.wake.gov/departments-government/planning-development-inspections/zoning-subdivision/special-use","date":"2026","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f51":{"claim":"California's Governor's Office of Planning and Research describes a conditional use permit as a tool letting a city or county consider, through a public hearing, special uses not allowed as of right in a zoning district.","quote":"A CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT (CUP) allows a city or county to consider special uses which may be essential or desirable to a particular community, but which are not allowed as a matter of right within a zoning district, through a public hearing process.","source":{"title":"The Planner's Training Series: The Conditional Use Permit","publisher":"California Governor's Office of Planning and Research","url":"https://lci.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/theconditionalusepermit_071997.pdf","date":"1997-07","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f52":{"claim":"The New York Department of State defines a land use moratorium as a local enactment that temporarily suspends the right to obtain development approvals while a community considers changes to its plan or land use rules.","quote":"A land use moratorium is a local enactment which temporarily suspends a landowner's right to obtain development approvals while the community considers and potentially adopts changes to its comprehensive plan and/or its land use regulations to address new circumstances not addressed by its current laws.","source":{"title":"Land Use Moratoria (James A. Coon Local Government Technical Series)","publisher":"New York Department of State","url":"https://video.dos.ny.gov/lg/publications/Land_Use_Moratoria.pdf","date":"2010","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f53":{"claim":"The Municipal Research and Services Center (Washington state) describes annexation as a legislative action by which a city or town adds territory beyond its existing city limits.","quote":"Annexation by cities or towns is a legislative action whereby a city or town adds territory beyond its existing city limits.","source":{"title":"Annexation - Table of Contents","publisher":"Municipal Research and Services Center (MRSC)","url":"https://mrsc.org/explore-topics/planning/annexation/annexation-contents","date":"2024-02-23","type":"ngo","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"gloss:f54":{"claim":"The U.S. Department of Energy defines a community benefits agreement as a legally binding, negotiated agreement between a developer and a community that sets out benefits the community receives in return for supporting or not opposing a project.","quote":"A community benefits agreement is a legally binding, negotiated agreement between a project proponent/developer and a community, often represented by a coalition of community group(s), outlining benefits they will receive in return for their support or non-opposition of a project.","source":{"title":"FAQ: Community Benefits Agreements","publisher":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-12/CBA%20Guidance%20FAQ.pdf","date":"2024-12","type":"government","accessed":"2026-09-22"}},"procon:f1":{"claim":"JLARC found that data center revenue accounted for 31 percent of total local tax revenue in Loudoun County and 7 percent in Prince William County.","quote":"Loudoun and Prince William have the largest and most mature markets, and data center revenue accounted for 31 percent and 7 percent, respectively, of total local tax revenue (Figure 2-4).","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (JLARC Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"procon:f2":{"claim":"JLARC reported that local government staff in Loudoun and Prince William said data center revenue has allowed their localities to lower real estate tax rates.","quote":"Local government staff indicated data center revenue has allowed their locality to lower real estate tax rates (Loudoun and Prince William),","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (JLARC Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"procon:f3":{"claim":"Loudoun County says data center revenue has enabled it to generally lower the real property tax rate for homeowners every year for the past decade, and that its current rate is the lowest in Northern Virginia.","quote":"The revenue has enabled the county to generally lower the real property tax rate for homeowners every year for the past decade; the current real property tax rate is the lowest in northern Virginia.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Tax Revenues & County Budget","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6409/Tax-Revenues-County-Budget","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"procon:f4":{"claim":"Loudoun County's FY2026 proposed budget table (columns FY2022 Actual, FY2023 Actual, FY2024 Actual, FY2025 Adopted, FY2026 Proposed) lists data center computer equipment tax revenue of $466,183,383, $581,550,433, $684,787,341, $670,259,142 and $794,780,452.","quote":"Comp. Equip. Data Centers 466,183,383 581,550,433 684,787,341 670,259,142 794,780,452","source":{"title":"FY 2026 Proposed Budget: General Fund Revenue and Trends","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/DocumentCenter/View/213184/General-Fund-Revenue-and-Trends-PDF","date":"2025-02","type":"government"}},"procon:f5":{"claim":"Prince William County reported that data centers generated $293.7 million in total tax revenue in tax year 2024, a 77% increase over the prior year.","quote":"Data centers are a cornerstone of Prince William County's commercial tax base, generating $293.7 million in total tax revenue in TY 2024, an increase of 77% over the prior year.","source":{"title":"Data Center Industry Tax Revenue Report 2024","publisher":"Prince William County, Virginia","url":"https://www.pwcva.gov/assets/2025-06/Prince%20William%20County%202024%20Data%20Center%20Revenue%20Report.pdf","date":"2025-06","type":"government"}},"procon:f6":{"claim":"An industry-commissioned PwC study for the Data Center Coalition says the industry's total fiscal support to federal, state and local governments rose from $165 billion in 2023 to $204 billion in 2024 (industry's own estimate).","quote":"The data center industry's total fiscal support to federal, state, and local governments increased from $165 billion in 2023 to $204 billion in 2024, a 24% increase.","source":{"title":"2026 Economic Impact Study","publisher":"Data Center Coalition (industry-commissioned, prepared by PwC)","url":"https://www.centerofyourdigitalworld.org/2026-impact-study","date":"2026","type":"company"}},"procon:f7":{"claim":"LancasterOnline reported (Feb 2026) that the Lancaster data center's developer side has pledged $20 million in direct payments to local causes: $10 million to an economic development fund managed by the community foundation and $10 million to the city's sustainability efforts.","quote":"It has pledged a total of $20 million in direct payments to local causes – $10 million to an economic development fund managed by the community foundation, and $10 million to the city's sustainability efforts.","source":{"title":"Here's when Lancaster city will see payments from data center agreement","publisher":"LNP | LancasterOnline","url":"https://lancasteronline.com/news/local/heres-when-lancaster-city-will-see-payments-from-data-center-agreement/article_49eb8780-5784-442a-afa4-778f5f73bd80.html","date":"2026-02-13","type":"news"}},"procon:f8":{"claim":"Microsoft says (Jan 2026) it will not ask municipalities to reduce local property tax rates for its data centers and will pay its full share of local property taxes (company pledge).","quote":"We won't ask local municipalities to reduce their local property tax rates when we buy land or propose a datacenter presence. Instead, we'll pay our full and fair share of local property taxes, adding revenue to local towns and cities.","source":{"title":"Building Community-First AI Infrastructure","publisher":"Microsoft (On the Issues blog)","url":"https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2026/01/13/community-first-ai-infrastructure/","date":"2026-01-13","type":"company"}},"procon:f9":{"claim":"A 2025 LBNL/Brattle study found that state-level load growth has tended to depress retail electricity prices in recent years by spreading fixed costs over more load.","quote":"Load growth at the state level has tended to depress retail electricity prices in recent years, by spreading fixed costs over greater load.","source":{"title":"Factors Influencing Recent Trends in Retail Electricity Prices in the United States: What do we know? Where are the gaps?","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and The Brattle Group","url":"https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-10/full_summary_retail_price_trends_drivers.pdf","date":"2025-10","type":"national-lab"}},"procon:f10":{"claim":"JLARC (Dec 2024) found that current Virginia electricity rates appropriately allocate costs to the customers responsible for incurring them, including data center customers.","quote":"The study found that current rates appropriately allocate costs to the customers responsible for incurring them, including data center customers.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (JLARC Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"procon:f11":{"claim":"AEP Ohio says large new data center customers must pay for a minimum of 85% of the energy they subscribe to use, even if they use less, to cover infrastructure costs.","quote":"large new data center customers to pay for a minimum of 85% of the energy they are subscribed to use – even if they actually use less – to cover the costs of infrastructure needed to bring electricity to those facilities.","source":{"title":"AEP Ohio Proposal on Data Centers to Protect Ohio Consumers Adopted by PUCO","publisher":"AEP (utility press release)","url":"https://www.aep.com/news/stories/view/10327/","date":"2025-07-09","type":"utility"}},"procon:f12":{"claim":"Virginia Mercury reported (Nov 2025) that the Virginia SCC's Dominion biennial review order created a new rate class for customers using over 25 MW with a monthly load factor above 75%.","quote":"The newly-approved plan also creates a new rate class for high load customers that use over 25MW and a load factor of more than 75% monthly.","source":{"title":"SCC approves Chesterfield gas plant and Dominion rate hike, creates new rate class for data centers","publisher":"Virginia Mercury","url":"https://virginiamercury.com/2025/11/25/scc-approves-chesterfield-gas-plant-and-dominion-rate-hike-creates-new-rate-class-for-data-centers/","date":"2025-11-25","type":"news"}},"procon:f13":{"claim":"The Georgia PSC approved a rule (Jan 2025) letting Georgia Power bill new customers using more than 100 MW under terms beyond those for standard customers, to address risks associated with large-load users.","quote":"The new Georgia Power rule states that any new customers using more than 100 megawatts of energy can be billed using terms and conditions beyond those used for standard customers to address risks associated with these large-load users.","source":{"title":"PSC Approves Rule to Allow New Power Usage Terms for Data Centers (media advisory)","publisher":"Georgia Public Service Commission","url":"https://psc.ga.gov/site/assets/files/8617/media_advisory_data_centers_rule_1-23-2025.pdf","date":"2025-01-23","type":"government"}},"procon:f14":{"claim":"The same LBNL/Brattle study cautions that this relationship need not always hold and that a higher-growth future can raise retail prices if new supply and delivery infrastructure is constrained and costly, as it appears to be in some or many states.","quote":"Importantly, this relationship need not always exist: a higher growth future can increase retail prices if new supply and delivery infrastructure is constrained and costly—as it currently appears to be in some or many states.","source":{"title":"Factors Influencing Recent Trends in Retail Electricity Prices in the United States: What do we know? Where are the gaps?","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and The Brattle Group","url":"https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-10/full_summary_retail_price_trends_drivers.pdf","date":"2025-10","type":"national-lab"}},"procon:f15":{"claim":"JLARC estimated that a typical Dominion Energy residential customer could see generation- and transmission-related costs rise by $14 to $37 a month in real (inflation-adjusted) dollars by 2040.","quote":"A typical residential customer of Dominion Energy could experience generation- and transmission-related costs increasing by an estimated $14 to $37 monthly in constant (or real) dollars by 2040 (independent of inflation).","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (JLARC Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"procon:f16":{"claim":"JLARC warned that if forecast demand does not materialize or several large data centers close, utilities could overbuild generation and transmission and be stranded with costs recouped from existing customers.","quote":"One risk is that utilities will build more generation and transmission infrastructure than is needed if forecast demand does not materialize, or several large data centers close. This could strand utilities with infrastructure costs that would have to be recouped from their existing customer base.","source":{"title":"Data Centers in Virginia (JLARC Report 598)","publisher":"Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission (JLARC), Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://jlarc.virginia.gov/pdfs/reports/Rpt598.pdf","date":"2024-12-09","type":"government"}},"procon:f17":{"claim":"PJM's Independent Market Monitor calculated that including existing and forecast data center load in the load forecast raised capacity market revenues in the 2026/2027 PJM auction by $7,271,197,971, or 82.1 percent.","quote":"Inclusion of existing and forecast data center load in the peak load forecast for 2026 resulted in a $7,271,197,971 or an 82.1 percent increase in capacity market revenues for the 2026/2027 RPM Base Residual Auction.","source":{"title":"2025 State of the Market Report for PJM, Volume 1","publisher":"Monitoring Analytics, LLC (Independent Market Monitor for PJM)","url":"https://www.monitoringanalytics.com/reports/PJM_State_of_the_Market/2025/2025-som-pjm-vol1.pdf","date":"2026-03-12","type":"other"}},"procon:f18":{"claim":"The Market Monitor calculated that data center load raised PJM capacity market revenues by a combined $23,100,955,341 across the 2025/2026, 2026/2027 and 2027/2028 auctions.","quote":"Inclusion of existing and forecast data center load growth resulted in a combined total increase in capacity market revenues for the 2025/2026 BRA, the 2026/2027 BRA, and the 2027/2028 BRA of $23,100,955,341.","source":{"title":"2025 State of the Market Report for PJM, Volume 1","publisher":"Monitoring Analytics, LLC (Independent Market Monitor for PJM)","url":"https://www.monitoringanalytics.com/reports/PJM_State_of_the_Market/2025/2025-som-pjm-vol1.pdf","date":"2026-03-12","type":"other"}},"procon:f19":{"claim":"The Market Monitor states that data center load growth is the primary reason for recent and expected PJM capacity market conditions, including high prices.","quote":"Data center load growth is the primary reason for recent and expected capacity market conditions, including total forecast load growth, the tight supply and demand balance, and high prices.","source":{"title":"2025 State of the Market Report for PJM, Volume 1","publisher":"Monitoring Analytics, LLC (Independent Market Monitor for PJM)","url":"https://www.monitoringanalytics.com/reports/PJM_State_of_the_Market/2025/2025-som-pjm-vol1.pdf","date":"2026-03-12","type":"other"}},"procon:f20":{"claim":"AEP Ohio says data centers had requested 30,000 MW of service before the Ohio PUC approved its data center tariff.","quote":"Prior to the PUCO's approval of AEP Ohio's Data Center Tariff, data centers or developers had submitted requests for 30,000 MW, an unprecedented electricity demand for the state.","source":{"title":"AEP Ohio Updates PUCO on Data Center Load: Figures Show Tariff is Working","publisher":"AEP Ohio (utility press release)","url":"https://www.aepohio.com/company/news/view?releaseID=10753","date":"2026-02-13","type":"utility"}},"procon:f21":{"claim":"Maryland's Office of People's Counsel says PJM approved over $5 billion in baseline transmission projects in 2023, including enhancements driven by 7,500 MW of data center load growth in the Dominion and Allegheny Power zones.","quote":"The PJM Board approved baseline projects in 2023 totaling over $5 billion to address reliability criteria violations as part of 2022 RTEP Window No. 3. This includes transmission enhancements driven by 7,500 MW of data center load growth in the Dominion Energy and Allegheny Power (FirstEnergy) zones.","source":{"title":"Frequently Asked Questions about the Maryland Piedmont Reliability Project","publisher":"Maryland Office of People's Counsel","url":"https://opc.maryland.gov/Portals/0/Files/Publications/Others/Piedmont%20FAQs%2008082024%20FINAL.pdf?ver=rpx7nxLsFTy8NEt7BK2pnA%3D%3D","date":"2024-08-08","type":"government"}},"procon:f22":{"claim":"Virginia Business reported (July 2026) that the Prince William Digital Gateway, a proposed 23-million-square-foot data center complex on 2,100 acres near Manassas National Battlefield Park, is officially dead after a legal battle of more than two years.","quote":"After a legal battle that lasted more than two years, the controversial Prince William Digital Gateway, a proposed 23 million-square-foot data center complex planned on 2,100 acres near Manassas National Battlefield Park, is officially dead.","source":{"title":"Prince William Digital Gateway data center project officially dies","publisher":"Virginia Business","url":"https://virginiabusiness.com/prince-william-digital-gateway-data-center-project-officially-dies/","date":"2026-07-06","type":"news"}},"procon:f23":{"claim":"The Texas Tribune reported (April 2026) that, according to the comptroller's office, Texas will forgo $3.2 billion in sales tax revenue over the next two years because of its data center exemption.","quote":"Texas will lose out on $3.2 billion in sales tax revenue over the next two years thanks to an exemption for the state's booming data center industry, according to the comptroller's office.","source":{"title":"Texas losing a billion dollars a year on data center tax break","publisher":"The Texas Tribune","url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2026/04/08/texas-data-centers-sales-tax-break-billion-dollars/","date":"2026-04-08","type":"news"}},"procon:f24":{"claim":"Loudoun County says the growth of data center personal property tax revenue will plateau at some point in the next five to 10 years, so it must keep budget growth sustainable.","quote":"One challenge with managing the vast increase in revenue generated by data centers is that the county must limit the growth in its budget to a level that is sustainable over time and in recognition that the growth of data center personal property tax revenues will plateau in the next five to 10 years at some future point.","source":{"title":"Data Centers: Tax Revenues & County Budget","publisher":"Loudoun County, Virginia","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6409/Tax-Revenues-County-Budget","date":"2026","type":"government"}},"procon:f25":{"claim":"A critic quoted by the Georgia Recorder (Dec 2025), Scarr, said that if demand doesn't show up or data centers fail to cover their costs, Georgia Power customers will be left holding the bag for decades (advocacy claim).","quote":"\"If the demand doesn't show up, if data centers fail to cover their costs, and when gas prices spike again, Georgia Power customers will be left holding the bag for decades to come,\" Scarr said.","source":{"title":"Georgia regulators approve massive power grid expansion to serve data centers","publisher":"Georgia Recorder","url":"https://georgiarecorder.com/2025/12/19/georgia-regulators-approve-massive-power-grid-expansion-to-serve-data-centers/","date":"2025-12-19","type":"news"}}},"rules":[{"id":"r1","jurisdiction":"Loudoun County","state":"VA","level":"county","type":"zoning ordinance","title":"CPAM-2024-0001 and ZOAM-2024-0001 (Data Center Standards & Locations, Phase 1)","status":"adopted","date":"2025-03-18","provisions":[{"text":"Designates data centers as a conditional or Special Exception (SPEX) use in areas where they were previously allowed by-right.","quote":"Phase 1, approved on March 18, 2025, focused on proposed map and text amendments to the Loudoun County 2019 Comprehensive Plan, and amendments to the Loudoun County Zoning Ordinance, to designate data centers as a conditional or Special Exception (SPEX) use in areas where the uses were previously allowed by-right."}],"source":{"title":"Data Center Standards & Locations","publisher":"Loudoun County, VA","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/5990/Data-Center-Standards-Locations","date":null,"type":"official webpage"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Loudoun County, Virginia, Eliminates By-Right Data Center Development","publisher":"Holland & Knight","url":"https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2025/04/loudoun-county-virginia-eliminates-by-right-data-center-development","date":"2025-04-04","type":"law firm analysis"}]},{"id":"r2","jurisdiction":"Loudoun County","state":"VA","level":"county","type":"noise standard","title":"Loudoun County Zoning Ordinance maximum sound levels and data center noise study requirements","status":"in effect","date":null,"provisions":[{"text":"Sets a 55 dBA maximum sound level at residential property lines.","quote":"For residential properties, the maximum allowable sound level at the property line is 55 dBA"},{"text":"Requires data centers to submit pre- and post-construction noise studies.","quote":"submit a pre-construction noise study at the time of site plan review as well as a post-construction noise study submitted at least one month but no more than 12 months after the issuance of the first Certificate of Occupancy"}],"source":{"title":"Data Centers: Noise & Air Quality Concerns","publisher":"Loudoun County, VA","url":"https://www.loudoun.gov/6405/Noise-Air-Quality-Concerns","date":null,"type":"official webpage"},"extra_sources":[]},{"id":"r3","jurisdiction":"Fairfax County","state":"VA","level":"county","type":"zoning ordinance","title":"Data center zoning ordinance amendment","status":"adopted","date":"2024-09-10","provisions":[{"text":"Data center buildings must be at least 200 feet from the lot line of an adjacent or abutting residential district or property.","quote":"Data center buildings must be at least 200 feet from the lot line of an adjacent or abutting residential district or property."},{"text":"Equipment such as backup generators must be 300 feet from residential lot lines or separated from them by the data center building.","quote":"Equipment such as back-up generators must be 300 feet from the lot line of residential property or separated from the lot line of a residential district or residential property by the data center building."},{"text":"Data centers must be at least one mile from a Metro station.","quote":"Distance from Metro Stations: Data centers must be at least one mile from a Metro station."},{"text":"In all districts where data centers are allowed, equipment must be enclosed or screened by a wall or similar barrier.","quote":"Equipment Enclosure: In all districts where data centers are allowed, all equipment must be enclosed or screened by a wall or similar barrier to reduce visual and noise impacts."},{"text":"Pre- and post-construction noise studies are required to ensure compliance with the Noise Ordinance.","quote":"Noise Studies: Pre- and post-construction noise studies must be submitted to ensure compliance with the Noise Ordinance."}],"source":{"title":"Board of Supervisors Approves New Data Center Zoning Ordinance Amendment","publisher":"Fairfax County News Center","url":"https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/news/board-supervisors-approve-new-data-center-zoning-ordinance-amendment","date":"2024-09-11","type":"official press release"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Data Centers – Adopted Zoning Ordinance Amendment","publisher":"Fairfax County Planning & Development","url":"https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/planning-development/data-centers","date":null,"type":"official webpage"}]},{"id":"r4","jurisdiction":"Prince William County","state":"VA","level":"county","type":"noise standard","title":"Prince William County noise ordinance amendment (data centers and industrial uses)","status":"adopted","date":"2025-10-28","provisions":[{"text":"Limits noise in industrial areas to 73 decibels during the day and 68 at night.","quote":"It limits daytime noise in industrial areas to 73 decibels during the day and 68 at night."},{"text":"Board approved the ordinance 5-2.","quote":"The board voted 5-2 on both issues, with only Supervisor Yesli Vega, of the Coles District, and board Chair Deshundra Jefferson, at large, voting in opposition."}],"source":{"title":"Supervisors OK compromise noise ordinance aimed at data centers","publisher":"Prince William Times","url":"https://www.princewilliamtimes.com/news/supervisors-ok-compromise-noise-ordinance-aimed-at-data-centers/article_1288e464-5559-4c12-ab8f-2a28ca28d819.html","date":"2025-10-30","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Prince William supervisors greenlight new noise ordinance for businesses, data centers","publisher":"InsideNoVa","url":"https://www.insidenova.com/news/business/prince-william-supervisors-greenlight-new-noise-ordinance-for-businesses-data-centers/article_3892dce9-c7c1-42f0-a5a1-f0e185c30a7d.html","date":null,"type":"news"},{"title":"Prince William County supervisors expedite vote on data center noise rules","publisher":"WTOP","url":"https://wtop.com/prince-william-county/2025/10/prince-william-supervisors-expedite-vote-on-data-center-noise-rules/","date":null,"type":"news"}]},{"id":"r5","jurisdiction":"Prince William County","state":"VA","level":"county","type":"zoning ordinance","title":"DPA2026-00006, Zoning Text Amendment to the Data Center Opportunity Zone Overlay District","status":"pending","date":"2026-09-09","provisions":[{"text":"Prohibits data centers in agricultural, residential, PMR, B-2, B-3 and V districts.","quote":"Agricultural, residential, PMR, B-2, B-3, and V districts."},{"text":"Requires mechanical equipment to be screened from major roads and residential properties.","quote":"screened from major arterials, interstates and abutting residentially zoned or planned properties."},{"text":"Prohibits chain-link or barbed wire fencing along street frontages.","quote":"Chain-link fencing or barbed wire fencing are prohibited along public or private street frontages."},{"text":"Allows data centers up to 1.0 FAR within the overlay.","quote":"up to 1.0 FAR"}],"source":{"title":"Planning Commission Resolution and Zoning Text Amendment DPA2026-00006","publisher":"Prince William County Planning Office","url":"https://eservice.pwcgov.org/planning/documents/DPA2026-00006.pdf","date":"2026-09-09","type":"official staff document"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Res. No. 26-374 (June 9, 2026) initiating DPA2026-00006","publisher":"Prince William County Board of County Supervisors","url":"https://www.pwcva.gov/assets/2026-09/DORAC-InitiatedDPA2026-00006.pdf","date":"2026-06-09","type":"board resolution (not opened)"}]},{"id":"r6","jurisdiction":"Stafford County","state":"VA","level":"county","type":"zoning ordinance","title":"Ordinance O25-29(R) (data center zoning amendments)","status":"adopted","date":"2025-12-02","provisions":[{"text":"Sets 100-foot setbacks inside Urban Service Areas and 200 feet outside, adjacent to non-commercial/non-industrial zones.","quote":"minimum of 100 feet from property lines adjacent to non-commercial or non-industrial zones within Urban Service Areas; 200 feet for sites outside Urban Service Areas."},{"text":"Requires sound studies before approval and post-construction evaluations annually for up to 10 years.","quote":"Sound studies are required before final site plan approval and/or CUP. Post-construction noise evaluations are conducted initially within 90 days of occupancy, then annually for up to 10 years."},{"text":"Requires 30% open space outside Urban Service Areas.","quote":"minimum of 30% open space is required outside Urban Service Areas."}],"source":{"title":"Planning and Zoning - Data Centers","publisher":"Stafford County, VA","url":"https://staffordcountyva.gov/government/departments_p-z/planning_and_zoning/data_centers/index.php","date":null,"type":"official webpage"},"extra_sources":[]},{"id":"r7","jurisdiction":"Fauquier County","state":"VA","level":"county","type":"zoning ordinance","title":"Vint Hill zoning text amendment","status":"adopted","date":"2024-03","provisions":[{"text":"Buildings or assemblages over 50,000 square feet require a special exception permit from the Board of Supervisors.","quote":"But its main impact will be seen from its declaration that any buildings or assemblages of buildings of more than 50,000 square feet will have to apply for and receive a special exception permit from the Fauquier County Board of Supervisors."},{"text":"Two projects already in progress (a planned four-building data center complex on Vint Hill Parkway and an expansion of a nearby existing data center) are exempt.","quote":"the board agreed that two projects already in progress — a planned four-building data center complex on Vint Hill Parkway and an expansion of a nearby existing data center — would be exempt from the new rules."}],"source":{"title":"Fauquier County OKs stricter zoning rules for data centers","publisher":"Prince William Times","url":"https://www.princewilliamtimes.com/news/fauquier-supervisors-ok-zoning-changes-aimed-at-curbing-large-data-centers-at-vint-hill/article_c9353e93-e7a1-5218-b396-2dd2f6afe9c4.html","date":"2024-03-17","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Fauquier supervisors approve measure that could limit data center development in Vint Hill","publisher":"FauquierNow","url":"https://www.fauquiernow.com/news/fauquier-supervisors-approve-measure-that-could-limit-data-center-development-in-vint-hill-existing-projects/article_8b137ae6-e55c-11ee-a01d-831bc2870da2.html","date":null,"type":"news"}]},{"id":"r8","jurisdiction":"Virginia","state":"VA","level":"state","type":"state law","title":"HB 153 / SB 94 (2026 Acts of Assembly, Chapters 567 and 568): data center site assessments","status":"in effect","date":"2026-07-01","provisions":[{"text":"Applies to facilities anticipated to need 100 MW or more.","quote":"100 megawatts or more of electrical power"},{"text":"Requires a site assessment of the facility's sound profile on residences and schools within 500 feet.","quote":"the facility's sound profile on residential units and schools within 500 feet of the property boundary"},{"text":"Requires disclosure of substations and transmission voltage.","quote":"any new or existing substations that will serve it and the anticipated transmission voltage required"},{"text":"Signed by Gov. Abigail Spanberger and codified at Code of Virginia § 15.2-2209.5; effective July 1, 2026.","quote":"The operative language is now § 15.2-2209.5 of the Code of Virginia, enacted as 2026 Chapters 567 and 568 ... Gov. Abigail Spanberger signed the 2026 version, and her office lists it among the new laws taking effect July 1"}],"source":{"title":"A Roanoke Delegate Helped Write Virginia's New Data Center Law. Here's What It Does, and What It Doesn't","publisher":"Roanoke Rambler","url":"https://www.roanokerambler.com/a-roanoke-delegate-helped-write-virginias-new-data-center-law-heres-what-it-does-and-what-it-doesnt/","date":"2026-09-16","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Virginia HB153 2026","publisher":"LegiScan","url":"https://legiscan.com/VA/bill/HB153/2026","date":null,"type":"legislative tracker"},{"title":"Virginia SB94 2026","publisher":"LegiScan","url":"https://legiscan.com/VA/bill/SB94/2026","date":null,"type":"legislative tracker"},{"title":"Data center bills dominated this year's General Assembly. Here's what passed.","publisher":"Virginia Mercury","url":"https://virginiamercury.com/2026/03/17/data-center-bills-dominated-this-years-general-assembly-heres-what-passed/","date":"2026-03-17","type":"news"}]},{"id":"r9","jurisdiction":"Virginia","state":"VA","level":"state","type":"tax","title":"Data center electricity consumption tax (2026-2028 biennial budget)","status":"pending","date":"2026-06","provisions":[{"text":"Would charge $0.011 per kWh on all electricity consumed at each data center, on a monthly basis.","quote":"That consumption tax will be charged at a rate of $0.011 per kilowatt hour on all electricity consumed at each center on a monthly basis."},{"text":"Revenue would be capped at $600 million per year to the general fund, with the excess refunded to companies pro rata.","quote":"The consumption tax would be capped at $600 million in revenue to Virginia's general fund per year, with the excess refunded to the technology companies on a pro rata basis."},{"text":"Data center tax exemptions remain for the biennium.","quote":"Data center tax exemptions will remain for the biennium, but the budget conferees negotiated to include a new energy consumption tax for data centers."}],"source":{"title":"General Assembly passes a budget, consumption tax for data centers included","publisher":"Cardinal News","url":"https://cardinalnews.org/2026/06/22/general-assembly-passes-a-budget-consumption-tax-for-data-centers-included/","date":"2026-06-22","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Client Alert Update: Virginia Enacts Energy Consumption Tax on Data Centers","publisher":"Whiteford, Taylor & Preston LLP","url":"https://www.whitefordlaw.com/news-events/client-alert-update-virginia-enacts-energy-consumption-tax-on-data-centers-and-signs-broader-energy-affordability-package","date":"2026-07-30","type":"law firm analysis"},{"title":"Governor Spanberger Highlights First-of-Its-Kind Data Center tax","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Virginia","url":"https://www.governor.virginia.gov/newsroom/news-releases/2026/july-releases/name-1120725-en.html","date":"2026-07-06","type":"official press release"}],"status_note":"Passed by the General Assembly in the 2026–2028 budget and sent to the governor, as of a June 22, 2026 report"},{"id":"r10","jurisdiction":"Atlanta","state":"GA","level":"city","type":"zoning ordinance","title":"Ordinances prohibiting data centers in the BeltLine Overlay and near high-volume transit","status":"adopted","date":"2024-09-03","provisions":[{"text":"Bans data centers along and near the BeltLine and within a half-mile of MARTA stations.","quote":"The Atlanta City Council voted Tuesday, Sept. 3, to ban data centers along and near the Atlanta BeltLine and within a half-mile of MARTA stations."}],"source":{"title":"Atlanta City Council bans data centers along BeltLine","publisher":"Georgia Public Broadcasting","url":"https://www.gpb.org/news/2024/09/04/atlanta-city-council-bans-data-centers-along-beltline","date":"2024-09-04","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Atlanta City Council passes rules limiting data center locations","publisher":"DatacenterDynamics","url":"https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/atlanta-city-council-passes-rules-limiting-data-center-locations/","date":null,"type":"news"}]},{"id":"r11","jurisdiction":"Coweta County","state":"GA","level":"county","type":"zoning ordinance","title":"Coweta County data center ordinance","status":"adopted","date":"2025-12","provisions":[{"text":"Keeps the 300-foot buffer requirement.","quote":"Staff concluded that the majority did not see fit to further adjust the 300-foot buffer requirement"},{"text":"Guidelines address concerns including utility usage by data center facilities.","quote":"The approved guidelines address several concerns, including utility usage by data center facilities."}],"source":{"title":"Coweta County approves new data center guidelines after months of debate","publisher":"95.5 WSB","url":"https://www.wsbradio.com/news/local/coweta-county-approves-new-data-center-guidelines-after-months-debate/COC7XVGMXBCH3KXWY3NMSETG7E/","date":"2025-12-17","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Coweta County commissioners vote to regulate data center construction","publisher":"WSB-TV","url":"https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/coweta-county/coweta-county-commissioners-scheduled-vote-new-ordinance-establish-land-use-guidelines/D5KIIOP7BFGXDFGCPKCIP4DZME/","date":"2025-12-16","type":"news"}]},{"id":"r12","jurisdiction":"Coweta County","state":"GA","level":"county","type":"moratorium","title":"180-day data center moratorium (2026)","status":"in effect","date":"2026-06-16","provisions":[{"text":"Approves a 180-day moratorium to review the data center ordinance.","quote":"The Coweta County Board of Commissioners approved a 180-day data center moratorium to review the county's data center ordinance at its Tuesday night meeting."},{"text":"Halts acceptance of data center applications and hearings.","quote":"The moratorium will prevent the acceptance of applications for permits, land use amendments, rezoning or conditional use applications, variance applications and all public hearings related to data centers."},{"text":"Expires Dec. 23 or on adoption of an ordinance amendment.","quote":"It is set to expire on Dec. 23 or until the board adopts an amendment to the ordinance."}],"source":{"title":"Commissioners approve 180-day data center moratorium","publisher":"The Newnan Times-Herald","url":"https://www.times-herald.com/news/commissioners-approve-180-day-data-center-moratorium/article_29dd50b8-88fb-4424-98d9-9d87abfb4588.html","date":"2026-06-17","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[]},{"id":"r13","jurisdiction":"Bartow County","state":"GA","level":"county","type":"noise standard","title":"Bartow County data center ordinance","status":"adopted","date":null,"provisions":[{"text":"Limits sound to below 65 decibels (8 a.m.–6 p.m.) and 55 decibels (6 p.m.–8 a.m.) over 30-minute periods.","quote":"65 decibels or more over any 30-minute period from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., or 55 decibels over any 30-minute period from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m."}],"source":{"title":"A 'wave' of data center ordinances sweep through GA counties. How strict are they?","publisher":"Georgia Public Broadcasting","url":"https://www.gpb.org/news/2025/10/22/wave-of-data-center-ordinances-sweep-through-ga-counties-how-strict-are-they","date":"2025-10-22","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[]},{"id":"r14","jurisdiction":"Clayton County","state":"GA","level":"county","type":"moratorium","title":"Clayton County 120-day data center moratorium","status":"adopted","date":"2025-09-03","provisions":[{"text":"The Board of Commissioners voted on Sept. 3, 2025 to impose a 120-day moratorium on data centers until Dec. 31, 2025.","quote":"On Sept. 3, the Clayton County Board of Commissioners voted to impose a 120-day moratorium on data centers until Dec. 31."}],"source":{"title":"A 'wave' of data center ordinances sweep through GA counties. How strict are they?","publisher":"Georgia Public Broadcasting","url":"https://www.gpb.org/news/2025/10/22/wave-of-data-center-ordinances-sweep-through-ga-counties-how-strict-are-they","date":"2025-10-22","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[]},{"id":"r15","jurisdiction":"Phoenix","state":"AZ","level":"city","type":"zoning ordinance","title":"Zoning Ordinance update for data centers","status":"adopted","date":"2025-07-02","provisions":[{"text":"Council approved zoning updates adding data centers as a permitted use subject to a special permit addressing health and safety.","quote":"The Phoenix Mayor and City Council today approved updates to modernize the City's Zoning Ordinance to add data centers as a permitted use that must address health and safety concerns when applying for a special permit for construction."}],"source":{"title":"City of Phoenix Updates Zoning to Safeguard Health and Safety as Data Center Growth Accelerates","publisher":"City of Phoenix","url":"https://www.phoenix.gov/newsroom/pdd-news/city-of-phoenix-updates-zoning-to-safeguard-health-and-safety-as.html","date":"2025-07-02","type":"official press release"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Staff Report Zoning Ordinance Text Amendment Z-TA-2-25-Y","publisher":"City of Phoenix Planning & Development","url":"https://www.phoenix.gov/content/dam/phoenix/pddsite/documents/staffreports/z-ta-2-25-y-data-center.pdf","date":"2025-05-01","type":"staff report (proposed text)"}]},{"id":"r16","jurisdiction":"Chandler","state":"AZ","level":"city","type":"zoning ordinance","title":"Ordinance No. 5033 (data center zoning amendment)","status":"in effect","date":"2023-01-05","provisions":[{"text":"Council unanimously approved Dec. 5, 2022; effective Jan. 5, 2023.","quote":"The ordinance was unanimously approved on Dec. 5, 2022 and took effect on Jan. 5."},{"text":"Clarifies data centers as a primary use only permitted in Planned Area Development (PAD) zoning designations.","quote":"Clarifies data centers as a primary use only permitted in planning area development (PAD) zoning designations"},{"text":"Requires annual noise studies during peak operation for five years after construction is complete.","quote":"conduct an annual noise study during peak operation times for five years once construction of the data center is complete"},{"text":"Establishes time limitations and notification protocol for routine backup generator maintenance and testing.","quote":"Establishes backup generator routine maintenance and testing time limitations, including notification protocol"}],"source":{"title":"Chandler's data center ordinance now in effect","publisher":"City of Chandler","url":"https://www.chandleraz.gov/news-center/chandlers-data-center-ordinance-now-effect","date":"2023-01-11","type":"official press release"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Council Memo PLH22-0053 (December 8, 2022)","publisher":"City of Chandler Development Services","url":"https://www.chandleraz.gov/sites/default/files/departments/development-services/PLH22-0053-Council-Memo.pdf","date":"2022-12-08","type":"staff report"}]},{"id":"r17","jurisdiction":"Tucson","state":"AZ","level":"city","type":"water","title":"Ordinance regulating large quantity water users","status":"adopted","date":"2025-08-19","provisions":[{"text":"Defines large users as ~7.5 million gallons per month.","quote":"Large quantity users are defined as those using 10,000 centum cubic which is equivalent to about 7.5 million gallons of water per month on average."},{"text":"Requires a conservation plan with the water service application.","quote":"Large quantity customers will be required to submit a conservation plan with their water service application."},{"text":"Requires recycled water to offset at least 30% of use.","quote":"agree to use recycled water to offset at least 30% of water use"}],"source":{"title":"Tucson passes ordinance regulating large water users after data center debate","publisher":"AZPM","url":"https://news.azpm.org/p/azpmnews/2025/8/21/226109-tucson-passes-ordinance-regulating-large-water-users-after-data-center-debate/","date":"2025-08-21","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"After Project Blue outcry, Tucson adopts rules for large water users","publisher":"AZ Luminaria","url":"https://azluminaria.org/2025/08/20/after-project-blue-outcry-tucson-adopts-rules-for-large-water-users/","date":"2025-08-20","type":"news"}]},{"id":"r18","jurisdiction":"Texas","state":"TX","level":"state","type":"state law","title":"Senate Bill 6 (89th Legislature): large electrical loads","status":"in effect","date":"2025-06","provisions":[{"text":"Uniform large load interconnection standards apply to large loads of 75 MW and above unless PUCT sets a lower threshold.","quote":"Texas Senate Bill 6 (SB 6) took immediate effect upon Gov. Greg Abbott's signature on June 21, 2025"},{"text":"Sets a flat study fee of at least $100,000 for initial transmission screening studies.","quote":"Establish a flat study fee of at least $100,000 for initial transmission screening studies, with provisions for additional fees if more capacity is requested."},{"text":"PUCT must establish a formal review process for new large loads seeking net metering with co-located existing generators.","quote":"The PUCT must establish a formal review process for new large loads seeking net metering with co-located existing generators."},{"text":"Mandates curtailment capabilities for noncritical large loads during firm load shed events.","quote":"SB 6 also mandates curtailment capabilities for noncritical large loads during firm load shed events and allows ERCOT to issue emergency notices requiring large loads with backup generation to reduce load or deploy their own generation."}],"source":{"title":"Texas Senate Bill 6 Significantly Expands Regulatory Oversight Over Large Loads in ERCOT","publisher":"McGuireWoods","url":"https://www.mcguirewoods.com/client-resources/alerts/2025/7/texas-senate-bill-6-significantly-expands-regulatory-oversight-over-large-loads-in-ercot/","date":"2025-07-10","type":"law firm analysis"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Texas SB6 2025","publisher":"LegiScan","url":"https://legiscan.com/TX/bill/SB6/2025","date":null,"type":"legislative tracker"},{"title":"Texas law gives grid operator power to disconnect data centers during crisis","publisher":"Utility Dive","url":"https://www.utilitydive.com/news/texas-law-gives-grid-operator-power-to-disconnect-data-centers-during-crisi/751587/","date":"2025-06-25","type":"news"}],"status_note":"Signed June 2025; sources give June 20 or June 21"},{"id":"r19","jurisdiction":"Oregon","state":"OR","level":"state","type":"power","title":"House Bill 3546 (2025), the POWER Act","status":"adopted","date":"2025-06","provisions":[{"text":"Directs the PUC to create a separate rate class for data centers over 20 MW.","quote":"The POWER Act, HB 3546 (2025), directs the PUC to create a separate rate class for data centers over 20 megawatts (MW)."},{"text":"The new rate class's tariff schedule must directly assign costs of serving large energy use facilities to those consumers and mitigate cost shifting to other rate classes.","quote":"The bill outlines specific requirements for the tariff schedule, including that it must directly assign costs of serving large energy use facilities to those consumers and mitigate risks of cost shifting to other rate classes."},{"text":"Directs the PUC to require utilities serving large energy use facilities to sign contracts with them of 10 years or longer.","quote":"The Act also directs the PUC to require electric utilities serving large energy use facilities to enter into a contract with the consumer and spells out certain requirements for these contracts, including that they be for a duration of 10 years or longer."}],"source":{"title":"POWER Act Biennial Report 2026","publisher":"Oregon Public Utility Commission","url":"https://www.oregon.gov/puc/forms/Forms%20and%20Reports/2026%20POWER%20Act%20Legislative%20Report.pdf","date":"2026","type":"official report"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Oregon Legislature passes 'POWER Act,' targeting industrial energy users like data centers","publisher":"OPB","url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2025/06/05/oregon-data-centers-cryptocurrency-business-environment-power-electricity/","date":"2025-06-05","type":"news"},{"title":"Governor Kotek Signs Bills to Lower Energy Costs for Oregonians","publisher":"Office of the Governor of Oregon","url":"https://apps.oregon.gov/oregon-newsroom/OR/GOV/Posts/Post/governor-kotek-signs-bills-to-lower-energy-costs-for-oregonians","date":"2025-08-25","type":"official press release"}]},{"id":"r20","jurisdiction":"Minnesota","state":"MN","level":"state","type":"state law","title":"Laws of Minnesota 2025, First Special Session, Chapter 12 (HF 16): data center provisions","status":"in effect","date":"2025-06-14","provisions":[{"text":"Defines data center as a facility designed for a load of 100 MW or more.","quote":"a facility that is designed to have a load of 100 megawatts or more"},{"text":"Special water permit conditions where new consumptive use exceeds 100 million gallons per year.","quote":"proposed new or additional consumptive use exceeds 100,000,000 gallons per year"},{"text":"Utility tariffs must protect other customers from stranded costs.","quote":"contain protections necessary to ensure that other customers of the public utility are not placed at risk for paying stranded costs"}],"source":{"title":"Laws of Minnesota 2025, 1st Special Session, Chapter 12","publisher":"Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes","url":"https://www.revisor.mn.gov/laws/2025/1/Session+Law/Chapter/12/","date":"2025-06-14","type":"official statute"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"New law: data centers","publisher":"Minnesota House of Representatives","url":"https://www.house.mn.gov/NewLaws/story/2025/5641","date":null,"type":"official summary"}],"status_note":"Signed June 14, 2025; the data center sections took effect the following day"},{"id":"r21","jurisdiction":"Indiana","state":"IN","level":"state","type":"power","title":"House Bill 1007 (2025), energy generation resources","status":"passed","date":"2025-04","provisions":[{"text":"Expedites approval for large-load customers like data centers.","quote":"expedite approval processes for large-load customers like data centers and create cost recovery mechanisms for projects utilities take on to serve those big customers"},{"text":"Requires financial assurances reimbursing at least 80% of costs.","quote":"reimbursing at least 80% of costs and protecting other existing and future customers from the expenses"}],"source":{"title":"Bill to boost energy generation — and nuclear manufacturing — advances to Indiana governor","publisher":"Indiana Capital Chronicle","url":"https://indianacapitalchronicle.com/2025/04/23/bill-to-boost-energy-generation-and-nuclear-manufacturing-advances-to-indiana-governor/","date":"2025-04-23","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Indiana HB1007 2025","publisher":"LegiScan","url":"https://legiscan.com/IN/bill/HB1007/2025","date":null,"type":"legislative tracker"}],"status_note":"Sent to the governor as of an April 23, 2025 report"},{"id":"r22","jurisdiction":"Michigan","state":"MI","level":"state","type":"tax","title":"Public Act 207 of 2024 (HB 4906): data center sales and use tax exemption","status":"adopted","date":"2025-01-17","provisions":[{"text":"Extends the qualified data center sales and use tax exemption through Dec. 31, 2050.","quote":"through December 31, 2050, for qualified data centers"},{"text":"Enterprise data centers must make a $250 million capital investment.","quote":"specific criteria, including a $250 million capital investment"},{"text":"Requires at least 30 full-time jobs paying 150% or more of the local prosperity region's median wage.","quote":"the creation of at least 30 full-time jobs paying 150% or more of the local prosperity region's median wage"},{"text":"Qualification requires certification under at least one recognized green building standard and sourcing 90% of electricity usage from renewable energy.","quote":"stringent environmental standards, including certification under at least one recognized green building standard and sourcing 90% of electricity usage from renewable energy"},{"text":"No new certificates will be issued after Dec. 31, 2029.","quote":"No new certificates will be issued after December 31, 2029."}],"source":{"title":"Michigan Expands Sales Tax Exemption for Data Center Equipment","publisher":"Ryan LLC","url":"https://ryan.com/about-ryan/news-and-insights/2025/michigan-data-center-equipment-sales-tax-exemption/","date":"2025-01-28","type":"tax advisory analysis"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Enterprise Data Center Sales & Use Tax Exemption","publisher":"Michigan Economic Development Corporation","url":"https://www.michiganbusiness.org/services/data-center/","date":null,"type":"official webpage"},{"title":"Whitmer signs data center bill, utility regulator worries about stranded assets","publisher":"Planet Detroit","url":"https://planetdetroit.org/2025/01/michigan-data-centers-tax-exemptions/","date":"2025-01-09","type":"news"}],"status_note":"Signed January 17, 2025"},{"id":"r23","jurisdiction":"Big Rapids Charter Township","state":"MI","level":"township","type":"moratorium","title":"Big Rapids Charter Township Data Center Moratorium Ordinance","status":"adopted","date":"2026-02-23","provisions":[{"text":"One-year moratorium on permitting and construction of all data centers, extendable by resolution.","quote":"a temporary moratorium on the permitting, consideration, approval, location, erection, construction, review, and/or installation of all Data Centers in the Township for one year, subject to six month or less extensions by resolution"},{"text":"Adopted at a Feb. 23, 2026 township meeting.","quote":"on the 23rd day of February, 2026, at 5:00 p.m."}],"source":{"title":"Data Center Moratorium","publisher":"Big Rapids Charter Township","url":"https://bigrapidstownshipmi.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Data-Center-Moratorium.pdf","date":"2026-02-23","type":"official ordinance"},"extra_sources":[]},{"id":"r24","jurisdiction":"Lenox Township","state":"MI","level":"township","type":"moratorium","title":"Lenox Township data center moratorium","status":"adopted","date":"2026-02-02","provisions":[{"text":"Moratorium on new data center development effective Feb. 2, 2026.","quote":"formally adopted a moratorium on new data center development effective February 2, 2026."},{"text":"Four months with one optional four-month extension.","quote":"The Township adopted a four-month moratorium, with the option for one additional four-month extension if necessary."}],"source":{"title":"Township Statement Regarding Adoption of Data Center Moratorium","publisher":"Charter Township of Lenox","url":"https://www.lenox-mi.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/240","date":"2026-02-03","type":"official statement"},"extra_sources":[]},{"id":"r25","jurisdiction":"Wixom","state":"MI","level":"city","type":"moratorium","title":"Resolution Imposing a Temporary Moratorium on data centers","status":"adopted","date":"2026-03-24","provisions":[{"text":"Six-month moratorium on establishing, permitting and constructing data centers.","quote":"approved a Resolution Imposing a Temporary Moratorium for a period of six (6) months on the establishing, permitting, consideration, approval, location, construction, and/or installation of any data centers"}],"source":{"title":"Data Center Moratorium & Ordinance","publisher":"City of Wixom","url":"https://www.wixomgov.org/departments/construction-development-services-building/data-center-moratorium-ordinance","date":null,"type":"official webpage"},"extra_sources":[]},{"id":"r26","jurisdiction":"Ohio (AEP Ohio service territory)","state":"OH","level":"state","type":"power","title":"PUCO order approving AEP Ohio data center tariff","status":"approved","date":"2025-07-09","provisions":[{"text":"Applies to new data center loads over 25 MW.","quote":"new loads greater than 25 megawatts in the aggregate"},{"text":"Minimum billing up to 85% of contracted capacity.","quote":"a maximum of 85% of contracted-for capacity"},{"text":"Minimum contract length of eight years after load ramp.","quote":"a minimum contract length of eight years after the end of the load ramp period"},{"text":"Exit fee equal to three years of minimum charges.","quote":"an 'exit fee' equal to three years of minimum charges"},{"text":"Ends AEP Ohio's moratorium on new data center customers.","quote":"requires AEP Ohio to end its moratorium on signing up new data center customers"}],"source":{"title":"Public Utilities Commission of Ohio Authorizes Tariff for AEP Ohio's Data Center Customers","publisher":"Vorys","url":"https://www.vorys.com/publication-public-utilities-commission-of-ohio-authorizes-tariff-for-aep-ohios-data-center-customers-requires-end-of-moratorium-on-new-services-for-data-centers","date":"2025-07-11","type":"law firm analysis"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"PUCO orders AEP Ohio to create data center specific tariff","publisher":"Public Utilities Commission of Ohio","url":"https://puco.ohio.gov/news/puco-orders-aep-ohio-to-create-data-center-specific-tariff","date":null,"type":"official press release (content not readable)"}],"status_note":"PUCO order issued July 9, 2025; tariff takes effect when AEP Ohio files final tariffs"},{"id":"r27","jurisdiction":"Dane County","state":"WI","level":"county","type":"moratorium","title":"Resolution 2026 RES-039, 18-month moratorium on data center zoning permits","status":"proposed","date":"2026-05-26","provisions":[{"text":"Proposes an 18-month moratorium on applications and zoning permits for data centers.","quote":"An 18-month moratorium on the receipt of applications for, and the issuance of, zoning permits for the siting or placement of data centers in Dane County."},{"text":"The proposed moratorium would apply only to towns subject to county zoning.","quote":"The moratorium would apply to towns subject to county zoning. It would not apply to cities, villages, or towns that have adopted their own zoning codes."}],"source":{"title":"Dane County Board Introduces Moratorium on Data Center Siting","publisher":"Dane County","url":"https://www.danecounty.gov/PressDetail/11883","date":"2026-05-26","type":"official press release"},"extra_sources":[{"title":"Wausau's first data center zoning rules head to council as Wisconsin communities scramble to respond","publisher":"Wausau Pilot & Review","url":"https://wausaupilotandreview.com/2026/07/12/wausaus-first-data-center-zoning-rules-head-to-council-as-wisconsin-communities-scramble-to-respond/","date":"2026-07-12","type":"news"}],"status_note":"Resolution introduced; county press release May 26, 2026"},{"id":"r28","jurisdiction":"Wausau","state":"WI","level":"city","type":"zoning ordinance","title":"Wausau data center zoning ordinance","status":"proposed","date":"2026-06-16","provisions":[{"text":"Limits data centers to medium and heavy industrial districts with a conditional use permit required.","quote":"data centers would be limited to the city's medium and heavy industrial zoning districts — and even there, none could be built by right. Every proposal would require a conditional use permit"}],"source":{"title":"Wausau's first data center zoning rules head to council as Wisconsin communities scramble to respond","publisher":"Wausau Pilot & Review","url":"https://wausaupilotandreview.com/2026/07/12/wausaus-first-data-center-zoning-rules-head-to-council-as-wisconsin-communities-scramble-to-respond/","date":"2026-07-12","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[]},{"id":"r29","jurisdiction":"Doylestown Township","state":"PA","level":"township","type":"zoning ordinance","title":"Doylestown Township data center zoning ordinance","status":"proposed","date":null,"provisions":[{"text":"Minimum 100-foot setback, 200 feet next to residential.","quote":"minimum 100-foot setback, increasing to 200 feet when a facility borders residential property"},{"text":"Violators given 30 days to correct noise problems.","quote":"30 days to correct the problem"},{"text":"Could be considered for adoption in October 2026.","quote":"could be considered for adoption in October if the review and advertisement process remains on schedule"}],"source":{"title":"Doylestown Township advances data center zoning regulations","publisher":"Central Bucks Now","url":"https://centralbucksnews.com/news/government/doylestown-township-advances-data-center-zoning-regulations/","date":"2026-08-24","type":"news"},"extra_sources":[]}],"companies":{"vantage-data-centers":{"name":"Vantage Data Centers","facts":[{"id":"f1","field":"founded","claim":"Vantage Data Centers says on its company timeline that it launched in June 2010 with an investment from Silver Lake Partners, acquiring a former Intel data center in Santa Clara, California.","quote":"Vantage Data Centers launches. With an investment from Silver Lake Partners, Vantage acquires a fully operational data center, formerly owned by Intel Corp, in Santa Clara, California.","source":{"title":"About Us - Vantage Data Centers","publisher":"Vantage Data Centers","url":"https://vantage-dc.com/about-us/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f2","field":"headquarters","claim":"The Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce member listing (member since 2026) says Vantage Data Centers was founded in 2010 and is headquartered in Denver, Colorado.","quote":"Vantage Data Centers, founded in 2010 and headquartered in Denver, Colorado","source":{"title":"Vantage Data Centers - Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce","publisher":"Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://denverchamber.org/members/vantage-data-centers/","date":"2026","type":"other"}},{"id":"f3","field":"ceo","claim":"Vantage's leadership page lists Sureel Choksi as President & Chief Executive Officer (as of September 2026), serving in that role since 2013.","quote":"Serving as president and chief executive officer of Vantage Data Centers since 2013","source":{"title":"Leadership - Vantage Data Centers","publisher":"Vantage Data Centers","url":"https://vantage-dc.com/company/leadership/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f4","field":"ownership","claim":"Vantage's company timeline says DigitalBridge acquired Vantage Data Centers in March 2017.","quote":"DigitalBridge acquires Vantage Data Centers. DigitalBridge, a global leader in digital infrastructure, acquires Vantage Data Centers.","source":{"title":"About Us - Vantage Data Centers","publisher":"Vantage Data Centers","url":"https://vantage-dc.com/about-us/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f5","field":"funding","claim":"Vantage's company timeline says that in June 2024 it completed a $9.2 billion equity investment led by DigitalBridge and Silver Lake.","quote":"Vantage Data Centers completes $9.2 billion equity investment led by DigitalBridge and Silver Lake.","source":{"title":"About Us - Vantage Data Centers","publisher":"Vantage Data Centers","url":"https://vantage-dc.com/about-us/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f6","field":"business","claim":"Vantage says it builds large-scale campuses ranging from 64MW to more than 1GW so customers can grow in place (company claim, website as of September 2026).","quote":"We build large-scale campuses (64MW to 1GW+) to enable our customers to grow in place over the long term.","source":{"title":"Vantage Data Centers (homepage)","publisher":"Vantage Data Centers","url":"https://vantage-dc.com/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f7","field":"footprint","claim":"Vantage's homepage states figures of 3 continents, 50+ markets, 40+ campuses and 15GW+ of power (company claim, website as of September 2026).","quote":"3 continents 50+ markets 40+ campuses 15GW+ of power","source":{"title":"Vantage Data Centers (homepage)","publisher":"Vantage Data Centers","url":"https://vantage-dc.com/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f8","field":"business","claim":"In a September 14, 2026 press release, Vantage describes itself as a global provider of digital infrastructure serving AI and cloud innovators, with operations spanning North America, EMEA and Asia Pacific.","quote":"Vantage is a global provider of digital infrastructure serving AI and cloud innovators. With operations spanning North America, EMEA and Asia Pacific, Vantage delivers capacity at speed and scale","source":{"title":"Vantage Secures $2B Credit Facility, Expanding Financing to Support Growing Demand","publisher":"Vantage Data Centers","url":"https://vantage-dc.com/news/vantage-secures-2b-credit-facility-expanding-financing-to-support-growing-demand/","date":"2026-09-14","type":"company"}},{"id":"f9","field":"website","claim":"Vantage Data Centers' official website is vantage-dc.com, per the boilerplate of its January 2024 press release.","quote":"For more information, visit http://www.vantage-dc.com","source":{"title":"Vantage Data Centers Experienced Unprecedented Growth in 2023 Driven by AI and Cloud Demand Globally; Secured $10 Billion in Incremental Funding","publisher":"Business Wire (Vantage Data Centers press release)","url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240131123978/en","date":"2024-01-31","type":"company"}}]},"qts":{"name":"QTS Data Centers","facts":[{"id":"f1","field":"ownership","claim":"Blackstone and QTS announced on August 31, 2021 that Blackstone affiliates completed their acquisition of QTS Realty Trust for approximately $10 billion, including debt.","quote":"affiliates of Blackstone Infrastructure Partners, Blackstone Real Estate Income Trust, Inc., and Blackstone Property Partners have completed their previously announced acquisition of QTS Realty Trust for approximately $10 billion, including debt.","source":{"title":"Blackstone Funds Complete Acquisition of QTS Realty Trust","publisher":"Blackstone","url":"https://www.blackstone.com/news/press/blackstone-funds-complete-acquisition-of-qts-realty-trust/","date":"2021-08-31","type":"company"}},{"id":"f2","field":"ownership","claim":"On June 7, 2021, QTS and Blackstone announced a definitive agreement for Blackstone vehicles to acquire all outstanding QTS common stock for $78.00 per share in an all-cash deal valued at approximately $10 billion.","quote":"will acquire all outstanding shares of common stock of QTS Realty Trust for $78.00 per share in an all-cash transaction valued at approximately $10 billion","source":{"title":"QTS Realty Trust to Be Acquired by Blackstone Funds in $10 Billion Transaction","publisher":"QTS Data Centers","url":"https://q.com/news/qts-realty-trust-to-be-acquired-by-blackstone-funds-in-10-billion-transaction/","date":"2021-06-07","type":"company"}},{"id":"f3","field":"ceo","claim":"QTS announced on March 25, 2025 that CEO and Chairman Chad Williams would step down effective April 18, 2025, and that David Robey and Tag Greason were appointed Co-CEOs.","quote":"Current QTS executives, David Robey, Chief Operating Officer and Tag Greason, Chief Growth Officer, have been appointed Co-CEOs to lead the company through its next phase of growth and innovation.","source":{"title":"QTS CEO Chad Williams to Step Down after Founding and Leading QTS over 20+ Year Career","publisher":"PR Newswire (QTS Data Centers press release)","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/qts-ceo-chad-williams-to-step-down-after-founding-and-leading-qts-over-20-year-career-302410998.html","date":"2025-03-25","type":"company"}},{"id":"f4","field":"ceo","claim":"QTS's leadership page lists David Robey and Thomas A. \"Tag\" Greason as Co-Chief Executive Officers (as of September 2026).","quote":"Thomas A. \"Tag\" Greason Co-Chief Executive Officer David Robey Co-Chief Executive Officer","source":{"title":"Our Leadership - QTS Data Centers","publisher":"QTS Data Centers","url":"https://q.com/our-leadership/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f5","field":"founded","claim":"QTS says Chad Williams had a 20+ year career founding and building QTS, which was originally founded from Quality Group of Companies (press release dated March 25, 2025; no specific founding year stated).","quote":"Quality Group of Companies (QGC), a diversified real estate and business services family office investment company from which QTS was originally founded. This decision comes after a successful 20+ year career founding and building QTS","source":{"title":"QTS CEO Chad Williams to Step Down after Founding and Leading QTS over 20+ Year Career","publisher":"PR Newswire (QTS Data Centers press release)","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/qts-ceo-chad-williams-to-step-down-after-founding-and-leading-qts-over-20-year-career-302410998.html","date":"2025-03-25","type":"company"}},{"id":"f6","field":"headquarters","claim":"In its Form 10-K for fiscal year 2018, QTS stated its executive headquarters was in Overland Park, Kansas.","quote":"Our executive headquarters is located at 12851 Foster Street, Overland Park, Kansas 66213.","source":{"title":"QTS Realty Trust, Inc. Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018","publisher":"QTS Realty Trust (filed with U.S. SEC)","url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1561164/000155837019000991/qts-20181231x10k.htm","date":"2019","type":"company"}},{"id":"f7","field":"headquarters","claim":"QTS's current 'Who We Are' page lists a U.S. headquarters address in Sterling, Virginia (as of September 2026).","quote":"U.S. Headquarters: 22271 Broderick Drive, Sterling, Virginia 20166, United States","source":{"title":"Who We Are - QTS Data Centers","publisher":"QTS Data Centers","url":"https://q.com/who-we-are/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f8","field":"business","claim":"QTS describes itself as a provider of data center solutions in North America and Europe serving hyperscale technology companies, enterprises and government entities, and says it is a Blackstone portfolio company (March 2025).","quote":"QTS Realty Trust, LLC is a leading provider of data center solutions across a diverse footprint in North America and Europe. Powered by its people, QTS delivers secure, critical infrastructure solutions, robust connectivity and premium customer service to leading hyperscale technology companies, enterprises, and government entities. QTS is a Blackstone portfolio company.","source":{"title":"QTS CEO Chad Williams to Step Down after Founding and Leading QTS over 20+ Year Career","publisher":"PR Newswire (QTS Data Centers press release)","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/qts-ceo-chad-williams-to-step-down-after-founding-and-leading-qts-over-20-year-career-302410998.html","date":"2025-03-25","type":"company"}},{"id":"f9","field":"footprint","claim":"At the August 2021 closing of the Blackstone deal, QTS was described as having more than 7 million square feet of owned mega scale data center space in North America and Europe (company claim, 2021).","quote":"QTS Realty Trust is a leading provider of data center solutions across a diverse footprint spanning more than 7 million square feet of owned mega scale data center space within North America and Europe.","source":{"title":"Blackstone Funds Complete Acquisition of QTS Realty Trust","publisher":"Blackstone","url":"https://www.blackstone.com/news/press/blackstone-funds-complete-acquisition-of-qts-realty-trust/","date":"2021-08-31","type":"company"}},{"id":"f10","field":"website","claim":"QTS's March 2025 press release gives its website as www.qtsdatacenters.com.","quote":"Visit QTS at www.qtsdatacenters.com","source":{"title":"QTS CEO Chad Williams to Step Down after Founding and Leading QTS over 20+ Year Career","publisher":"PR Newswire (QTS Data Centers press release)","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/qts-ceo-chad-williams-to-step-down-after-founding-and-leading-qts-over-20-year-career-302410998.html","date":"2025-03-25","type":"company"}}]},"aligned-data-centers":{"name":"Aligned Data Centers","facts":[{"id":"f1","field":"ownership","claim":"On October 15, 2025, Aligned announced that the AI Infrastructure Partnership (AIP), MGX and BlackRock's Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) would acquire 100% of Aligned's equity from funds managed by Macquarie Asset Management and its co-invest partners.","quote":"today announced they will acquire 100% of the equity in Aligned Data Centers (\"Aligned\" or the \"Company\") from private infrastructure funds managed by Macquarie Asset Management and its co-invest partners.","source":{"title":"AI Infrastructure Partnership (AIP), MGX, and BlackRock's Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) to Acquire All Equity in Aligned Data Centers","publisher":"Aligned Data Centers","url":"https://aligneddc.com/press-release/ai-infrastructure-partnership-aip-mgx-and-blackrocks-global-infrastructure-partners-gip-to-acquire-all-equity-in-aligned-data-centers/","date":"2025-10-15","type":"company"}},{"id":"f2","field":"ownership","claim":"The October 2025 announcement said the transaction implies an Aligned enterprise value of approximately $40 billion and was expected to close in the first half of 2026.","quote":"implies an Aligned enterprise value of approximately $40 billion.","source":{"title":"AI Infrastructure Partnership (AIP), MGX, and BlackRock's Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) to Acquire All Equity in Aligned Data Centers","publisher":"Aligned Data Centers","url":"https://aligneddc.com/press-release/ai-infrastructure-partnership-aip-mgx-and-blackrocks-global-infrastructure-partners-gip-to-acquire-all-equity-in-aligned-data-centers/","date":"2025-10-15","type":"company"}},{"id":"f3","field":"ownership","claim":"Aligned's press release dated July 21, 2026 says the consortium of AIP, MGX and GIP completed its acquisition of 100% of Aligned's equity from Macquarie-managed funds and co-investors.","quote":"today successfully completed their previously announced acquisition of 100% of the equity in Aligned Data Centers (\"Aligned\" or the \"Company\") from private infrastructure funds managed by Macquarie Asset Management and its co-invest partners.","source":{"title":"AIP, MGX and BlackRock's GIP Close Acquisition of Aligned Data Centers","publisher":"Aligned Data Centers","url":"https://aligneddc.com/press-release/aip-mgx-and-blackrocks-gip-close-acquisition-of-aligned-data-centers/","date":"2026-07-21","type":"company"}},{"id":"f4","field":"funding","claim":"Macquarie Asset Management said it first invested in Aligned in April 2018 via Macquarie Infrastructure Partners IV.","quote":"Macquarie Asset Management, via Macquarie Infrastructure Partners IV (\"MIP IV\"), made its initial investment in Aligned in April 2018","source":{"title":"Macquarie Asset Management to lead sale of Aligned Data Centers at an enterprise value of $US40 billion","publisher":"Macquarie Group","url":"https://www.macquarie.com/us/en/about/news/2025/macquarie-asset-management-to-lead-sale-of-aligned-data-centers-at-an-enterprise-value-of-us-40-billion.html","date":"2025-10-15","type":"company"}},{"id":"f5","field":"headquarters","claim":"The July 2026 closing announcement says Aligned will remain headquartered in Dallas, Texas.","quote":"Aligned's Chief Executive Officer, Andrew Schaap, and the existing management team will continue to lead the Company, which will remain headquartered in Dallas, Texas.","source":{"title":"AIP, MGX and BlackRock's GIP Close Acquisition of Aligned Data Centers","publisher":"Business Wire (press release)","url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260720395324/en/AIP-MGX-and-BlackRocks-GIP-Close-Acquisition-of-Aligned-Data-Centers","date":"2026-07","type":"company"}},{"id":"f6","field":"ceo","claim":"Per the July 2026 closing announcement, Andrew Schaap is Aligned's Chief Executive Officer and continues to lead the company.","quote":"Aligned's Chief Executive Officer, Andrew Schaap, and the existing management team will continue to lead the Company","source":{"title":"AIP, MGX and BlackRock's GIP Close Acquisition of Aligned Data Centers","publisher":"Business Wire (press release)","url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260720395324/en/AIP-MGX-and-BlackRocks-GIP-Close-Acquisition-of-Aligned-Data-Centers","date":"2026-07","type":"company"}},{"id":"f7","field":"footprint","claim":"In the July 2026 closing announcement, Aligned's portfolio was described as spanning 51 campuses and more than 6.4GW of operational and planned capacity (company claim, July 2026).","quote":"Aligned is one of the largest and fastest-growing data center developers globally, with a portfolio spanning 51 campuses and more than 6.4GW of operational and planned capacity.","source":{"title":"AIP, MGX and BlackRock's GIP Close Acquisition of Aligned Data Centers","publisher":"Business Wire (press release)","url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260720395324/en/AIP-MGX-and-BlackRocks-GIP-Close-Acquisition-of-Aligned-Data-Centers","date":"2026-07","type":"company"}},{"id":"f8","field":"footprint","claim":"In the October 2025 announcement, Aligned's portfolio was described as 50 campuses and more than 5 gigawatts of operational and planned capacity, including assets under development, in the U.S. and Latin America (company claim, October 2025).","quote":"Aligned's portfolio includes 50 campuses and more than 5 gigawatts of operational and planned capacity, including assets under development, primarily located in key Tier I digital gateway regions across the U.S. and Latin America","source":{"title":"AI Infrastructure Partnership (AIP), MGX, and BlackRock's Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) to Acquire All Equity in Aligned Data Centers","publisher":"Aligned Data Centers","url":"https://aligneddc.com/press-release/ai-infrastructure-partnership-aip-mgx-and-blackrocks-global-infrastructure-partners-gip-to-acquire-all-equity-in-aligned-data-centers/","date":"2025-10-15","type":"company"}},{"id":"f9","field":"business","claim":"Aligned describes itself as a provider of sustainable, adaptive digital infrastructure powering cloud and AI workloads (website as of September 2026).","quote":"Aligned is an industry-leading provider of innovative, sustainable and adaptive digital infrastructure powering the world's most complex and demanding cloud and AI workloads.","source":{"title":"About - Aligned Data Centers","publisher":"Aligned Data Centers","url":"https://aligneddc.com/about/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f10","field":"website","claim":"Aligned Data Centers' official website is www.aligneddc.com, per its July 2026 press release boilerplate.","quote":"For more information, visit www.aligneddc.com.","source":{"title":"AIP, MGX and BlackRock's GIP Close Acquisition of Aligned Data Centers","publisher":"Business Wire (press release)","url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260720395324/en/AIP-MGX-and-BlackRocks-GIP-Close-Acquisition-of-Aligned-Data-Centers","date":"2026-07","type":"company"}}]},"t5-data-centers":{"name":"T5 Data Centers","facts":[{"id":"f1","field":"founded","claim":"T5 says it opened its doors in March 2008 (April 2018 press release).","quote":"In March 2008, T5 Data Centers opened its doors with a vision of filling a niche in the data center market by providing customized, mission-critical data centers designed to customers' exacting specifications.","source":{"title":"T5 Data Centers Celebrates 10 Years of Data Center Excellence","publisher":"GlobeNewswire (T5 Data Centers press release)","url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/04/05/1465708/0/en/T5-Data-Centers-Celebrates-10-Years-of-Data-Center-Excellence.html","date":"2018-04-05","type":"company"}},{"id":"f2","field":"headquarters","claim":"In an October 2020 press release, T5 describes itself as headquartered in Atlanta, GA.","quote":"T5 Data Centers (T5) is the premier lifecycle data center partner headquartered in Atlanta, GA.","source":{"title":"T5 Data Centers Announces New Enterprise Data Center in Silicon Valley, CA.","publisher":"PR Newswire (T5 Data Centers press release)","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/t5-data-centers-announces-new-enterprise-data-center-in-silicon-valley-ca-301146933.html","date":"2020-10-06","type":"company"}},{"id":"f3","field":"ceo","claim":"T5's December 18, 2025 press release identifies Pete Marin as CEO and Chairman of T5 Data Centers.","quote":"Pete Marin, CEO and Chairman of T5 Data Centers","source":{"title":"T5 Services Scales Rapidly as Third-Party Demand for Integrated Data Center Delivery Accelerates","publisher":"T5 Data Centers","url":"https://t5datacenters.com/resources/t5-services-scales-rapidly-as-third-party-demand-for-integrated-data-center-delivery-accelerates/","date":"2025-12-18","type":"company"}},{"id":"f4","field":"ownership","claim":"T5 and QuadReal said in February 2025 that their Data Center Platform, formed in 2019, is jointly owned by QuadReal and T5 principals.","quote":"The Platform, initially formed in 2019 and jointly owned by QuadReal and T5 principals, has developed state-of-the-art facilities in strategic U.S. markets, including Silicon Valley, Hillsboro, Chicago, Atlanta and Charlotte, serving Cloud, AI, and Enterprise users.","source":{"title":"QuadReal and T5 Data Centers Announce Capital Raise to Support Data Center Expansion, Development and Platform Growth to $8 Billion","publisher":"T5 Data Centers","url":"https://t5datacenters.com/resources/quadreal-and-t5-data-centers-announce-capital-raise-to-support-data-center-expansion-development-and-platform-growth-to-8-billion/","date":"2025-02-20","type":"company"}},{"id":"f5","field":"funding","claim":"In February 2025, QuadReal Property Group and T5 said they expanded their Data Center Platform with an additional $8 billion equity investment to help fund T5's growth.","quote":"QuadReal Property Group (QuadReal), a global real estate investment, operating and development company, and T5 Data Centers have expanded their Data Center Platform with an additional $8 billion equity investment to help fund T5's strategic growth.","source":{"title":"QuadReal and T5 Data Centers Announce Capital Raise to Support Data Center Expansion, Development and Platform Growth to $8 Billion","publisher":"T5 Data Centers","url":"https://t5datacenters.com/resources/quadreal-and-t5-data-centers-announce-capital-raise-to-support-data-center-expansion-development-and-platform-growth-to-8-billion/","date":"2025-02-20","type":"company"}},{"id":"f6","field":"business","claim":"T5 says it provides development, construction and data center operations, developing data center campuses and delivering construction and operational services inside customers' data centers (2025 press release boilerplate).","quote":"T5 Data Centers supports companies that are changing the world through AI and technology innovation with our development, construction, and data center operations. T5 develops scalable data center solutions across our campuses and uniquely delivers construction and operational services within our customers' data centers.","source":{"title":"T5 Data Centers Announces Strategic Executive Promotions and New Leadership Roles to Support Accelerated Growth","publisher":"T5 Data Centers","url":"https://t5datacenters.com/resources/t5-data-centers-announces-strategic-executive-promotions-and-new-leadership-roles-to-support-accelerated-growth/","date":"2025-06-17","type":"company"}},{"id":"f7","field":"footprint","claim":"T5's homepage states 3GW+ total MW managed, 22 data centers developed and 4M square feet of data center space developed (company claim, website as of September 2026).","quote":"3GW+ Total MW Managed 22 Data Centers Developed","source":{"title":"T5 Data Centers (homepage)","publisher":"T5 Data Centers","url":"https://t5datacenters.com/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}}]},"stream-data-centers":{"name":"Stream Data Centers","facts":[{"id":"f1","field":"founded","claim":"Stream Data Centers says it has been in the data center industry since 1999 (August 2025 press release boilerplate).","quote":"Since 1999, Stream Data Centers has set new standards for innovation, operational excellence and sustainability in the data center industry.","source":{"title":"Apollo Funds to Acquire Majority Stake in Stream Data Centers, Forming a Scaled Digital Infrastructure Leader","publisher":"GlobeNewswire (Apollo Global Management press release)","url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/08/06/3128284/0/en/apollo-funds-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-stream-data-centers-forming-a-scaled-digital-infrastructure-leader.html","date":"2025-08-06","type":"company"}},{"id":"f2","field":"ownership","claim":"On August 6, 2025, Apollo announced that Apollo-managed funds agreed to acquire a majority interest in Stream Data Centers from Stream Realty Partners.","quote":"Apollo (NYSE: APO) today announced that Apollo-managed funds (the \"Apollo Funds\") have agreed to acquire a majority interest in Stream Data Centers (\"SDC\" or the \"Company\") from Stream Realty Partners (\"SRP\").","source":{"title":"Apollo Funds to Acquire Majority Stake in Stream Data Centers, Forming a Scaled Digital Infrastructure Leader","publisher":"GlobeNewswire (Apollo Global Management press release)","url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/08/06/3128284/0/en/apollo-funds-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-stream-data-centers-forming-a-scaled-digital-infrastructure-leader.html","date":"2025-08-06","type":"company"}},{"id":"f3","field":"ownership","claim":"On November 3, 2025, Apollo announced its funds completed the acquisition of a majority interest in Stream Data Centers, with Principal Asset Management acquiring a minority interest and management retaining a minority stake.","quote":"have completed the previously announced acquisition of a majority interest in Stream Data Centers (\"SDC\" or the \"Company\"), a leading developer and operator of hyperscale data center campuses across the United States. As part of the transaction, Principal Asset Management® (\"Principal\") is acquiring a minority interest","source":{"title":"Apollo Funds Complete Acquisition of Stream Data Centers","publisher":"Apollo Global Management","url":"https://www.apollo.com/insights-news/pressreleases/2025/11/apollo-funds-complete-acquisition-of-stream-data-centers-3179224","date":"2025-11-03","type":"company"}},{"id":"f4","field":"headquarters","claim":"Per the November 2025 Apollo press release boilerplate, Stream Data Centers is headquartered in Dallas, Texas.","quote":"SDC is a key operating platform within the Apollo (NYSE: APO) ecosystem and is headquartered in Dallas, Texas","source":{"title":"Apollo Funds Complete Acquisition of Stream Data Centers","publisher":"Apollo Global Management","url":"https://www.apollo.com/insights-news/pressreleases/2025/11/apollo-funds-complete-acquisition-of-stream-data-centers-3179224","date":"2025-11-03","type":"company"}},{"id":"f5","field":"business","claim":"Stream describes itself as a developer and operator of wholesale colocation capacity and build-to-suit facilities for hyperscale and enterprise users in major U.S. markets (November 2025).","quote":"Stream Data Centers is a high-growth developer and operator of data center wholesale colocation capacity and build-to-suit facilities for hyperscale and enterprise users in major markets across the United States.","source":{"title":"Apollo Funds Complete Acquisition of Stream Data Centers","publisher":"Apollo Global Management","url":"https://www.apollo.com/insights-news/pressreleases/2025/11/apollo-funds-complete-acquisition-of-stream-data-centers-3179224","date":"2025-11-03","type":"company"}},{"id":"f6","field":"ceo","claim":"Stream's About page lists Michael Lahoud as Chief Executive Officer (as of September 2026).","quote":"Michael Lahoud Chief Executive Officer","source":{"title":"About - Stream Data Centers","publisher":"Stream Data Centers","url":"https://www.streamdatacenters.com/about/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f7","field":"footprint","claim":"Stream's About page says it has delivered more than 27 data center developments across the U.S. and has 10+ new campuses in development (company claim, website as of September 2026).","quote":">27 data center developments delivered across the U.S.","source":{"title":"About - Stream Data Centers","publisher":"Stream Data Centers","url":"https://www.streamdatacenters.com/about/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f8","field":"footprint","claim":"In the August 2025 announcement, Stream was described as controlling over 4 gigawatts of long-term powered land (company claim, August 2025).","quote":"controls over 4 gigawatts of long-term powered land","source":{"title":"Apollo Funds to Acquire Majority Stake in Stream Data Centers, Forming a Scaled Digital Infrastructure Leader","publisher":"GlobeNewswire (Apollo Global Management press release)","url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/08/06/3128284/0/en/apollo-funds-to-acquire-majority-stake-in-stream-data-centers-forming-a-scaled-digital-infrastructure-leader.html","date":"2025-08-06","type":"company"}},{"id":"f9","field":"notable","claim":"Stream says more than 90% of its data center capacity is leased to Fortune 100 customers (company claim, website as of September 2026).","quote":">90% of data center capacity leased to Fortune 100 customers","source":{"title":"About - Stream Data Centers","publisher":"Stream Data Centers","url":"https://www.streamdatacenters.com/about/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}}]},"prime-data-centers":{"name":"Prime Data Centers","facts":[{"id":"f1","field":"founded","claim":"Prime's About page shows the year 2017 alongside the text 'Established in California, USA'.","quote":"2017 Established in California, USA","source":{"title":"About - Prime Data Centers","publisher":"Prime Data Centers","url":"https://primedatacenters.com/about/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f2","field":"headquarters","claim":"Prime's About page lists a mailing address (PO Box) in Dallas, Texas (as of September 2026).","quote":"Prime Data Centers 400 North Ervay Street PO Box 131465 Dallas, Texas 75313 USA","source":{"title":"About - Prime Data Centers","publisher":"Prime Data Centers","url":"https://primedatacenters.com/about/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f3","field":"ceo","claim":"Nicholas Laag is Founder and CEO of Prime Data Centers (July 2025 press release).","quote":"said Nicholas Laag, Founder and CEO of Prime Data Centers","source":{"title":"Snowhawk and Nuveen Make Strategic Investment in Prime Data Centers","publisher":"PR Newswire (press release)","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/snowhawk-and-nuveen-make-strategic-investment-in-prime-data-centers-302518704.html","date":"2025-07-31","type":"company"}},{"id":"f4","field":"ownership","claim":"Prime says it is a privately held company that is majority founder-owned (website as of September 2026).","quote":"As a privately held company that is majority founder-owned, Prime is able to offer a range of financial deal structures","source":{"title":"About - Prime Data Centers","publisher":"Prime Data Centers","url":"https://primedatacenters.com/about/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f5","field":"funding","claim":"On July 31, 2025, Snowhawk and Nuveen announced a strategic equity investment in Prime, joining existing investors Macquarie Capital, Ares Management and Siemens Financial Services; terms were not disclosed.","quote":"These investors join existing institutional investors Macquarie Capital, Ares Management and Siemens Financial Services in supporting Prime in its next phase of growth. Financial terms of the transaction were not disclosed.","source":{"title":"Snowhawk and Nuveen Make Strategic Investment in Prime Data Centers","publisher":"PR Newswire (press release)","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/snowhawk-and-nuveen-make-strategic-investment-in-prime-data-centers-302518704.html","date":"2025-07-31","type":"company"}},{"id":"f6","field":"business","claim":"Prime describes itself as a developer and owner of hyperscale and purpose-built data centers, and says it has four gigawatts of operational and planned capacity in U.S. and European markets (company claim, January 2026).","quote":"Prime Data Centers is a leading international developer and owner of hyperscale and purpose-built data centers, designed to power the future of AI, high-performance computing and digital transformation. Prime has four gigawatts of operational and planned capacity across top-tier markets in the U.S. and Europe","source":{"title":"Prime Data Centers' Dallas and Sacramento Facilities Earn ENERGY STAR Certification for Superior Energy Performance","publisher":"PR Newswire (Prime Data Centers press release)","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/prime-data-centers-dallas-and-sacramento-facilities-earn-energy-star-certification-for-superior-energy-performance-302662301.html","date":"2026-01-15","type":"company"}},{"id":"f7","field":"footprint","claim":"Prime's About page states figures of 28 data centers, 13 campuses and a 4+GW expansion pipeline (company claim, website as of September 2026).","quote":"4+GW Expansion Pipeline 28 Data Centers 13 Campuses","source":{"title":"About - Prime Data Centers","publisher":"Prime Data Centers","url":"https://primedatacenters.com/about/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f8","field":"website","claim":"Prime Data Centers' official website is primedatacenters.com, per its July 2025 press release boilerplate.","quote":"Follow us online: primedatacenters.com.","source":{"title":"Snowhawk and Nuveen Make Strategic Investment in Prime Data Centers","publisher":"PR Newswire (press release)","url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/snowhawk-and-nuveen-make-strategic-investment-in-prime-data-centers-302518704.html","date":"2025-07-31","type":"company"}}]},"compass-datacenters":{"name":"Compass Datacenters","facts":[{"id":"f1","field":"founded","claim":"Compass's leadership page says Chris Crosby set out in 2011 to take a new approach to data center development.","quote":"After years of working at the intersection of tech and real estate development, Chris Crosby set out in 2011 to take a new approach to data center development.","source":{"title":"Leadership - Compass Datacenters","publisher":"Compass Datacenters","url":"https://www.compassdatacenters.com/about/leadership/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f2","field":"ceo","claim":"Compass's leadership page lists Chris Crosby as Chief Executive Officer (as of September 2026).","quote":"Chris Crosby, Chief Executive Officer","source":{"title":"Leadership - Compass Datacenters","publisher":"Compass Datacenters","url":"https://www.compassdatacenters.com/about/leadership/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f3","field":"headquarters","claim":"Compass's About page lists an address in Dallas, Texas (as of September 2026).","quote":"14555 N. Dallas Parkway, Suite 125","source":{"title":"About - Compass Datacenters","publisher":"Compass Datacenters","url":"https://www.compassdatacenters.com/about/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f4","field":"ownership","claim":"Compass says it is backed by Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, Brookfield Infrastructure and KKR (company statement, September 2026).","quote":"Backed by the institutional strength of Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, Brookfield Infrastructure and KKR, Compass delivers high-quality facilities at speed for the cloud and hyperscale customers driving today's economy.","source":{"title":"Infrastructure for America Launches","publisher":"Compass Datacenters","url":"https://www.compassdatacenters.com/news/infrastructure-for-america-launch/","date":"2026-09-02","type":"company"}},{"id":"f5","field":"business","claim":"Compass says it designs and constructs data centers for some of the world's largest hyperscalers and cloud providers (website as of September 2026).","quote":"Compass Datacenters designs and constructs data centers for some of the world's largest hyperscalers and cloud providers across the globe.","source":{"title":"About - Compass Datacenters","publisher":"Compass Datacenters","url":"https://www.compassdatacenters.com/about/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f6","field":"business","claim":"Compass describes itself as developing and operating Class A, 'Community-First' campuses guided by a '100-year neighbor' philosophy (September 2026).","quote":"The company develops and operates sustainable Class A, Community-First campuses guided by a 100-year neighbor philosophy","source":{"title":"Infrastructure for America Launches","publisher":"Compass Datacenters","url":"https://www.compassdatacenters.com/news/infrastructure-for-america-launch/","date":"2026-09-02","type":"company"}},{"id":"f7","field":"notable","claim":"Compass says about 85% of each data center is manufactured off-site (company claim, homepage as of September 2026).","quote":"~85% of each data center manufactured off-site","source":{"title":"Compass Datacenters (homepage)","publisher":"Compass Datacenters","url":"https://www.compassdatacenters.com/","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}}]},"cyrusone":{"name":"CyrusOne","facts":[{"id":"f1","field":"ownership","claim":"On March 25, 2022, CyrusOne announced the completion of its acquisition by funds managed by KKR and Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) in an all-cash transaction valued at approximately $15 billion, including assumed debt.","quote":"today announced the completion of its acquisition by funds managed by KKR, a leading global investment firm, and Global Infrastructure Partners (\"GIP\"), one of the world's leading infrastructure investors, in an all-cash transaction valued at approximately $15 billion, including the assumption of debt","source":{"title":"KKR and GIP Complete Acquisition of CyrusOne","publisher":"Global Infrastructure Partners","url":"https://www.global-infra.com/news/kkr-and-gip-complete-acquisition-of-cyrusone/","date":"2022-03-25","type":"company"}},{"id":"f2","field":"ceo","claim":"CyrusOne announced the appointment of John Hatem as Chief Executive Officer, effective immediately (press release, July 2026).","quote":"today announced the appointment of John Hatem as Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Company's Board, effective immediately.","source":{"title":"CyrusOne Names John Hatem Chief Executive Officer to Accelerate its Global Digital Infrastructure Strategy","publisher":"Business Wire (CyrusOne press release)","url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260730005910/en/CyrusOne-Names-John-Hatem-Chief-Executive-Officer-to-Accelerate-its-Global-Digital-Infrastructure-Strategy","date":"2026-07-30","type":"company"}},{"id":"f3","field":"ceo","claim":"CyrusOne's leadership page lists John Hatem as President & CEO (as of September 2026).","quote":"John Hatem, President & CEO","source":{"title":"Leadership | CyrusOne","publisher":"CyrusOne","url":"https://www.cyrusone.com/company/leadership","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f4","field":"headquarters","claim":"CyrusOne says it is headquartered in Dallas, Texas and operates more than 60 data centers across North America, EMEA and APAC (company claim, website as of September 2026).","quote":"Headquartered in Dallas, Texas, CyrusOne operates more than 60 data centers across North America, EMEA, and APAC.","source":{"title":"About Us | CyrusOne","publisher":"CyrusOne","url":"https://www.cyrusone.com/company/about-us","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f5","field":"business","claim":"CyrusOne describes itself as a data center owner, developer and operator for hyperscale and enterprise organizations (website as of September 2026).","quote":"CyrusOne is a premier data center owner, developer, and operator, providing advanced digital infrastructure solutions for hyperscale and enterprise organizations","source":{"title":"About Us | CyrusOne","publisher":"CyrusOne","url":"https://www.cyrusone.com/company/about-us","date":"2026-09","type":"company"}},{"id":"f6","field":"business","claim":"CyrusOne says it delivers build-to-suit, colocation and interconnection solutions (July 2026 press release boilerplate).","quote":"CyrusOne delivers tailored build-to-suit, colocation, and interconnection solutions that meet the evolving digital needs of its customers.","source":{"title":"CyrusOne Names John Hatem Chief Executive Officer to Accelerate its Global Digital Infrastructure Strategy","publisher":"Business Wire (CyrusOne press release)","url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260730005910/en/CyrusOne-Names-John-Hatem-Chief-Executive-Officer-to-Accelerate-its-Global-Digital-Infrastructure-Strategy","date":"2026-07-30","type":"company"}},{"id":"f7","field":"footprint","claim":"CyrusOne's July 2026 boilerplate says it operates over 60 data centers across the United States, Europe and Japan (company claim, July 2026).","quote":"Headquartered in Dallas, Texas, the Company operates over 60 data centers across the United States, Europe, and Japan.","source":{"title":"CyrusOne Names John Hatem Chief Executive Officer to Accelerate its Global Digital Infrastructure Strategy","publisher":"Business Wire (CyrusOne press release)","url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260730005910/en/CyrusOne-Names-John-Hatem-Chief-Executive-Officer-to-Accelerate-its-Global-Digital-Infrastructure-Strategy","date":"2026-07-30","type":"company"}},{"id":"f8","field":"footprint","claim":"At the time of the 2022 KKR/GIP closing, CyrusOne described itself as operating more than 50 data centers worldwide for approximately 1,000 customers (company claim, March 2022).","quote":"CyrusOne (NASDAQ: CONE) is a premier global REIT specializing in design, construction and operation of more than 50 high-performance data centers worldwide.","source":{"title":"KKR and GIP Complete Acquisition of CyrusOne","publisher":"Global Infrastructure Partners","url":"https://www.global-infra.com/news/kkr-and-gip-complete-acquisition-of-cyrusone/","date":"2022-03-25","type":"company"}}]}},"moratoriums":[{"jurisdiction":"Carroll County","type":"county","state":"GA","action":"adopted","date":"2026-03","length":"100 days","ends":null,"scope":"Permits related to data centers and other new technology.","related_project":null,"quote":"The commissioners initially approved a 100-day moratorium on permits related to data centers and other new technology at the board's March 3 meeting.","source":{"title":"Data center moratorium extended","publisher":"Times-Georgian","url":"https://www.times-georgian.com/news/local/data-center-moratorium-extended/article_a7d31b38-3e6a-59d0-8da4-6ac3a17a167c.html","date":"2026-06-03","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Carroll County","type":"county","state":"GA","action":"extended","date":"2026-06","length":"100 days","ends":null,"scope":"Data center moratorium for unincorporated areas of the county, extended another 100 days.","related_project":null,"quote":"The Carroll County Board of Commissioners on Tuesday voted to extend for another 100 days a data center moratorium for unincorporated areas of the county.","source":{"title":"Data center moratorium extended","publisher":"Times-Georgian","url":"https://www.times-georgian.com/news/local/data-center-moratorium-extended/article_a7d31b38-3e6a-59d0-8da4-6ac3a17a167c.html","date":"2026-06-03","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Prince George's County","type":"county","state":"MD","action":"adopted","date":"2026-07","length":"two years","ends":null,"scope":"Hyperscale data center development.","related_project":null,"quote":"The Prince George's County Council passed a two-year moratorium on hyperscale data center development to give members more time to consider how the county will go about it in the future.","source":{"title":"Prince George's Co. extends pause on hyperscale data center development","publisher":"WTOP","url":"https://wtop.com/prince-georges-county/2026/07/prince-georges-co-extends-pause-on-hyperscale-data-center-development/","date":"2026-07","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Hood County","type":"county","state":"TX","action":"rejected","date":"2026-02","length":"six months","ends":null,"scope":"Proposed six-month moratorium on new industrial permits, including data centers and factories.","related_project":null,"quote":"the six-month moratorium on new industrial permits, including data centers and factories, 3-2","source":{"title":"Hood County rejects moratorium on new data centers, large developments despite pushback","publisher":"KERA News","url":"https://www.keranews.org/energy-environment/2026-02-10/hood-county-data-center-moratorium-fails","date":"2026-02-10","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Hood County","type":"county","state":"TX","action":"rejected","date":"2026-02","length":null,"ends":null,"scope":"Proposal would have temporarily halted new large-scale development while county leaders studied impacts on water, infrastructure and public health; per the headline, the county instead sought an attorney general's opinion on its authority.","related_project":null,"quote":"temporarily halted new large-scale development while county leaders studied potential impacts on water, infrastructure and public health","source":{"title":"Hood County rejects second data center moratorium, seeks attorney general's opinion on authority","publisher":"KERA News","url":"https://www.keranews.org/energy-environment/2026-02-25/data-center-moratorium-texas-hood-county-ken-paxton","date":"2026-02-25","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County","type":"city","state":"TN","action":"adopted","date":null,"length":null,"ends":"2026-12-01","scope":"Moratorium until Dec. 1, created alongside new regulations for data centers.","related_project":"DC BLOX Grassmere Park","quote":"council imposed a moratorium until Dec. 1 and created new regulations for data centers.","source":{"title":"DC Blox sues over Metro's data center moratorium","publisher":"Axios Nashville","url":"https://www.axios.com/local/nashville/2026/08/11/dc-blox-sues-over-metros-data-center-moratorium","date":"2026-08-11","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Citrus County","type":"county","state":"FL","action":"adopted","date":"2026-05-01","length":"one year","ends":null,"scope":"New data centers.","related_project":null,"quote":"Despite the county enacting a one-year moratorium on new data centers on May 1, discussions are continuing on a data center proposal in Lecanto, which was initiated before the pause was instituted.","source":{"title":"Talks continue over pre-moratorium Citrus County data center proposal","publisher":"Spectrum News","url":"https://ny1.com/nyc/queens/news/2026/06/18/talks-continue-over-pre-moratorium-data-center-proposal","date":"2026-06-18","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Howell Township","type":"township","state":"MI","action":"adopted","date":"2025-11","length":"six months","ends":null,"scope":"Establishment and use of data centers.","related_project":null,"quote":"The Howell Township Board unanimously enacted six-month moratorium on the establishment and use of data centers","source":{"title":"Data Center Moratorium Enacted In Howell Township","publisher":"WHMI","url":"https://www.whmi.com/news/article/howell-township-data-center-moratorium","date":"2025-11-21","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Imperial County","type":"county","state":"CA","action":"adopted","date":"2026-06","length":"45 days","ends":null,"scope":"Temporary moratorium on data centers in the county.","related_project":null,"quote":"In June 2026, the Imperial County Board of Supervisors adopted a 45-day temporary moratorium","source":{"title":"Imperial County Provides Update on Data Center Moratorium","publisher":"County of Imperial","url":"https://imperialcounty.org/2026/08/icdcmoratorium2026/","date":"2026-08-28","type":"government"}},{"jurisdiction":"Imperial County","type":"county","state":"CA","action":"extended","date":null,"length":"ten months and fifteen days","ends":null,"scope":"Temporary moratorium extended for an additional ten months and fifteen days.","related_project":null,"quote":"the Board extended the temporary moratorium for an additional ten months and fifteen days","source":{"title":"Imperial County Provides Update on Data Center Moratorium","publisher":"County of Imperial","url":"https://imperialcounty.org/2026/08/icdcmoratorium2026/","date":"2026-08-28","type":"government"}},{"jurisdiction":"Imperial County","type":"county","state":"CA","action":"set aside by court","date":null,"length":null,"ends":null,"scope":"The Imperial County Superior Court ruled that the findings supporting the moratorium did not sufficiently address all applicable requirements under state law and directed that it be set aside.","related_project":null,"quote":"The Imperial County Superior Court recently ruled that the findings supporting the moratorium did not sufficiently address all applicable requirements under state law and directed that the moratorium be set aside.","source":{"title":"Imperial County Provides Update on Data Center Moratorium","publisher":"County of Imperial","url":"https://imperialcounty.org/2026/08/icdcmoratorium2026/","date":"2026-08-28","type":"government"}},{"jurisdiction":"Town of Apex","type":"town","state":"NC","action":"adopted","date":"2026-04","length":"one year","ends":"2027-04-27","scope":"Review or approval of applications for data centers (and associated uses like cryptocurrency mining) until April 27, 2027.","related_project":null,"quote":"The moratorium prevents Apex from reviewing or approving applications for the development of data centers (along with associated uses like cryptocurrency mining) until April 27, 2027.","source":{"title":"Apex Approves One-Year Moratorium on Data Centers","publisher":"INDY Week","url":"https://indyweek.com/news/apex-approves-one-year-moratorium-on-data-centers/","date":"2026-04-15","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"City of St. Charles","type":"city","state":"MO","action":"adopted","date":"2025-08","length":"one year","ends":null,"scope":"Applications for new or expanded data centers.","related_project":null,"quote":"During a special meeting Friday, the St. Charles City Council voted to implement a one-year moratorium on applications for new or expanded data centers.","source":{"title":"St. Charles bans data centers with yearlong moratorium","publisher":"Spectrum News","url":"https://spectrumlocalnews.com/mo/st-louis/news/2025/08/22/st-charles-data-center-moratorium","date":"2025-08-22","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Oldham County","type":"county","state":"KY","action":"adopted","date":"2025-07","length":"150 days","ends":null,"scope":"Pauses any application to build a data center in the county for 150 days.","related_project":null,"quote":"pauses any application to build a data center in the county for 150 days","source":{"title":"Oldham County passes sweeping data center moratorium, executive fired over recording","publisher":"Louisville Public Media","url":"https://www.lpm.org/news/2025-07-02/oldham-county-passes-sweeping-data-center-moratorium-executive-fired-over-recording","date":"2025-07-02","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Solon Township","type":"township","state":"MI","action":"adopted","date":"2026-02","length":"six months","ends":null,"scope":"Acceptance of any data center proposals by the township.","related_project":null,"quote":"prevent the township from accepting any data center proposals during that period","source":{"title":"Solon Township approves 6-month moratorium on data center proposals","publisher":"FOX 17","url":"https://www.fox17online.com/news/local-news/rockford-cedar-springs-sparta/solon-township-approves-6-month-moratorium-on-data-center-proposals","date":"2026-02-10","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Montgomery County","type":"county","state":"MD","action":"extended","date":"2026-08","length":"18 months","ends":null,"scope":"Extension of the county's pause on data centers from six months to 18 months.","related_project":null,"quote":"The Montgomery County Council voted recently to extend its current six-month pause on data centers to 18 months.","source":{"title":"Counties scramble to respond to data centers, setting moratoriums, a ban","publisher":"Maryland Matters","url":"https://marylandmatters.org/2026/08/10/counties-scramble-to-respond-to-data-centers-setting-moratoriums-a-ban/","date":"2026-08-10","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Frederick County","type":"county","state":"MD","action":"adopted","date":"2026-07-01","length":null,"ends":"2026-12-31","scope":"Order signed July 1 by County Executive Jessica Fitzwater pausing new data center permitting or approvals until the end of the year.","related_project":null,"quote":"County Executive Jessica Fitzwater signed an order July 1, pausing new data center permitting or approvals until the end of the year.","source":{"title":"Counties scramble to respond to data centers, setting moratoriums, a ban","publisher":"Maryland Matters","url":"https://marylandmatters.org/2026/08/10/counties-scramble-to-respond-to-data-centers-setting-moratoriums-a-ban/","date":"2026-08-10","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Box Elder County","type":"county","state":"UT","action":"adopted","date":"2026-06","length":"180 days","ends":null,"scope":"New data centers and data center power plants on unincorporated land in the county.","related_project":null,"quote":"The commissioners unanimously passed an ordinance Wednesday that imposes a 180-day moratorium on new data centers and data center power plants on unincorporated land in Box Elder County.","source":{"title":"Box Elder County passes moratorium on future data centers","publisher":"Utah Public Radio","url":"https://www.upr.org/utah-news/2026-06-17/box-elder-data-center-moratorium-stratos","date":"2026-06-17","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"New York","type":"state","state":"NY","action":"adopted","date":"2026-07-14","length":"until the state completes a Generic Environmental Impact Statement","ends":null,"scope":"Executive Order No. 62 directs the Department of Environmental Conservation to hold in abeyance discretionary permits, approvals and licenses for construction or expansion of data centers that consume or can consume 50 MW or more, where the application was not complete before the order took effect. It reaches state DEC approvals, not local permits, and exempts facilities primarily used for manufacturing, research (including quantum and biomedical), education (including the Empire AI consortium) or medical care.","related_project":null,"quote":"is not covered by this definition and thus not subject to this Executive Order","source":{"title":"Executive Order No. 62: Establishing a Temporary Moratorium on Data Centers in New York While the State Develops Higher Standards","publisher":"Office of the Governor of New York","url":"https://www.governor.ny.gov/executive-order/no-62-establishing-temporary-moratorium-data-centers-new-york-while-state-develops","date":"2026-07-14","type":"government"}},{"jurisdiction":"Paulding County","type":"county","state":"GA","action":"adopted","date":"2026-07","length":null,"ends":"2027-01-01","scope":"Moratorium in effect until January 1, 2027.","related_project":null,"quote":"During Tuesday's board of commissioners meeting, commissioners unanimously approved the moratorium, which will be in effect until January 1, 2027.","source":{"title":"Paulding County approves data center moratorium","publisher":"FOX 5 Atlanta","url":"https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/paulding-county-approves-data-center-moratorium-freezing-projects","date":"2026-07-30","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Augusta-Richmond County","type":"county","state":"GA","action":"adopted","date":"2026-06","length":"49 days","ends":null,"scope":"Pause on new data centers to allow public input.","related_project":null,"quote":"commissioners approved a 49-day pause on new data centers to allow public input","source":{"title":"Augusta puts a hold on data centers — except the one that's riled up neighbors","publisher":"WRDW","url":"https://www.wrdw.com/2026/06/02/augustans-urge-city-leaders-put-data-centers-hold/","date":"2026-06-02","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Coweta County","type":"county","state":"GA","action":"adopted","date":"2025-05","length":"180 days","ends":null,"scope":"Moratorium adopted to evaluate the county's data center policies and zoning codes.","related_project":null,"quote":"The Coweta County Board of Commissioners unanimously adopted a 180-day moratorium to evaluate its data center policies and zoning codes.","source":{"title":"Coweta County issues moratorium to pause data center projects","publisher":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution","url":"https://www.ajc.com/news/business/coweta-county-issues-moratorium-to-pause-data-center-projects/2J464ISZIVB4VMFSBXZXNVHZXE/","date":"2025-05-08","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Douglas County","type":"county","state":"GA","action":"adopted","date":"2025-03","length":"90 days","ends":null,"scope":"90-day moratorium on data centers.","related_project":null,"quote":"A similar 90-day moratorium was adopted by Douglas County in March","source":{"title":"Second Atlanta Area Government Hits Pause on Data Centers","publisher":"GovTech (The Atlanta Journal-Constitution)","url":"https://www.govtech.com/products/second-atlanta-area-government-hits-pause-on-data-centers","date":"2025-05-08","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Elmwood Township","type":"township","state":"MI","action":"adopted","date":"2026-06-17","length":"12 months","ends":null,"scope":"Data centers and cryptocurrency mining facilities (Resolution No. 2026.06.17.A).","related_project":null,"quote":"Resolution No. 2026.06.17.A, imposing a 12-month temporary moratorium on data centers and cryptocurrency mining facilities.","source":{"title":"Elmwood Twp. Adopts Data Center Moratorium, Approves Road Improvements","publisher":"Tuscola Today","url":"https://www.tuscolatoday.com/news/elmwood-twp-adopts-data-center-moratorium-approves-road-improvements/article_2754d6b2-097a-4cf3-ae67-18f7a0208a3d.html","date":"2026-07-22","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"City of Indianapolis","type":"city","state":"IN","action":"adopted","date":"2026-08-19","length":null,"ends":"2027","scope":"Pause on data center projects through 2027 (commission vote 6-0 on language drafted by the City-County Council).","related_project":null,"quote":"The commission voted 6-0 in favor of language drafted earlier this month by the City-County Council to pause data projects through 2027.","source":{"title":"Indy data center moratorium unanimously approved","publisher":"Axios Indianapolis","url":"https://www.axios.com/local/indianapolis/2026/08/19/indy-data-center-moratorium-gets-unanimous-approval","date":"2026-08-19","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Fulton County","type":"county","state":"IN","action":"adopted","date":"2026-03","length":"one year","ends":null,"scope":"Data center construction in the county, effective immediately.","related_project":null,"quote":"Fulton County commissioners voted 2-1 on Monday night to approve a one-year moratorium on data center construction, effective immediately.","source":{"title":"Fulton County commissioners approve one-year moratorium on data center construction","publisher":"WNDU","url":"https://www.wndu.com/2026/03/03/fulton-county-commissioners-approve-one-year-moratorium-data-center-construction/","date":"2026-03-02","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"City of Elkhart","type":"city","state":"IN","action":"adopted","date":"2026-08-27","length":null,"ends":null,"scope":"Moratorium on data centers and battery storage facilities.","related_project":null,"quote":"The Elkhart City Council passed a moratorium on data centers and battery storage facilities at a special hearing on Thursday, August 27.","source":{"title":"Elkhart City Council passes moratorium on data centers, battery storage facilities","publisher":"WNDU","url":"https://www.wndu.com/2026/08/28/elkhart-city-council-passes-one-year-moratorium-data-centers-battery-storage-facilities/","date":"2026-08-27","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Dearborn County","type":"county","state":"IN","action":"adopted","date":"2026-02","length":null,"ends":null,"scope":"Processing of rezoning applications for commercial solar, battery storage facilities and data centers.","related_project":null,"quote":"The Dearborn County Board of Commissioners voted Tuesday to approve a moratorium on the processing of rezoning applications for commercial solar, battery storage facilities and data centers.","source":{"title":"Dearborn County commissioners approve moratorium on solar farms, data center projects","publisher":"WVXU","url":"https://www.wvxu.org/environment/2026-02-25/dearborn-county-moratorium-solar-farms-data-center","date":"2026-02-25","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Butler County","type":"county","state":"OH","action":"adopted","date":"2026-06","length":"six months","ends":null,"scope":"Six-month moratorium on data centers.","related_project":null,"quote":"voted unanimously Tuesday to approve a six-month moratorium on data centers.","source":{"title":"Butler County Commissioners approve short-term data center moratorium","publisher":"WVXU","url":"https://www.wvxu.org/environment/2026-06-17/butler-county-approves-data-center-moratorium","date":"2026-06-17","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Gregg Township","type":"township","state":"PA","action":"adopted","date":"2026-08","length":null,"ends":null,"scope":"Temporary moratorium on applications for data centers; per the headline, PNK's pending project is still on the table.","related_project":"PNK Group data center","quote":"Supervisors approved a temporary moratorium on applications for data centers at their meeting Thursday","source":{"title":"Gregg Township supervisors approve data center moratorium, PNK's still on the table","publisher":"NorthcentralPA.com","url":"https://www.northcentralpa.com/business/gregg-township-supervisors-approve-data-center-moratorium-pnks-still-on-the-table/article_0b0c06b6-6371-4756-b607-26a3bc7193d7.html","date":"2026-08-21","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"City of Minneapolis","type":"city","state":"MN","action":"adopted","date":"2026-06","length":"five months","ends":null,"scope":"Pause on new data center development.","related_project":null,"quote":"Minneapolis City Council members approved a five-month pause on new data center development Thursday.","source":{"title":"Minneapolis City Council approves 5-month pause on data center development","publisher":"CBS Minnesota","url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/minneapolis-city-council-data-center-pause/","date":"2026-06-25","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"City of Inver Grove Heights","type":"city","state":"MN","action":"adopted","date":"2026-06","length":"one year","ends":null,"scope":"New data center development within the city (interim ordinance).","related_project":null,"quote":"The Inver Grove Heights City Council voted 3-2 Friday to approve the third and final reading of a one-year interim ordinance establishing a moratorium on new data center development within the city.","source":{"title":"Inver Grove Heights City Council Approves One-Year Data Center Moratorium","publisher":"Limitless News","url":"https://www.limitless-news.com/local/inver-grove-heights-approves-data-center-moratorium","date":"2026-06-26","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Manitowoc County","type":"county","state":"WI","action":"adopted","date":"2026-04","length":"18 months","ends":null,"scope":"Moratorium on data center permitting.","related_project":null,"quote":"the Manitowoc County Board unanimously approved an 18-month moratorium on data center permitting Tuesday night.","source":{"title":"Manitowoc County Board approves 18-month data center moratorium","publisher":"WPR","url":"https://www.wpr.org/news/manitowoc-county-board-approves-18-month-data-center-moratorium","date":"2026-04-30","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Dane County","type":"county","state":"WI","action":"adopted","date":"2026-06","length":null,"ends":"2027-12","scope":"Pause on zoning permit applications for hyperscale data centers until December 2027.","related_project":null,"quote":"The Dane County Board unanimously approved a data center moratorium Thursday, pausing zoning permit applications for hyperscale data centers until December 2027.","source":{"title":"Dane County Board approves data center moratorium","publisher":"Isthmus","url":"https://isthmus.com/news/news/dane-county-board-approves-data-center-moratorium/","date":"2026-06-05","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Village of Wrightstown","type":"village","state":"WI","action":"adopted","date":"2026-07","length":"one year","ends":null,"scope":"Moratorium on data center projects in the village.","related_project":null,"quote":"The Village of Wrightstown passed a one-year moratorium on data center projects Tuesday night","source":{"title":"Wrightstown adopts a one-year moratorium on data center projects","publisher":"NBC 26","url":"https://www.nbc26.com/news/local-news/wrightstown-adopts-a-one-year-moratorium-on-data-center-projects","date":"2026-07-08","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Loudoun County","type":"county","state":"VA","action":"voted to draft a pause","date":"2026-09","length":null,"ends":null,"scope":"The board of supervisors voted 7-1-1 directing staff to draft a resolution that would pause data center applications for 12 months.","related_project":null,"quote":"The county board of supervisors this week voted 7-1 on a motion to pause data center applications for 12 months.","source":{"title":"Virginia's Loudoun County board votes to pause new data center applications","publisher":"DatacenterDynamics","url":"https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/virginias-loudoun-county-board-votes-to-pause-new-data-center-applications/","date":"2026-09-18","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Anderson County","type":"county","state":"SC","action":"adopted","date":"2026-08","length":"six months","ends":null,"scope":"Six-month moratorium on data centers (final reading, per the headline).","related_project":null,"quote":"Anderson County Council passed a six-month moratorium on data centers Tuesday night.","source":{"title":"Anderson County council approves final reading of six-month data center moratorium","publisher":"FOX Carolina","url":"https://www.foxcarolina.com/2026/08/20/anderson-county-council-approves-final-reading-six-month-data-center-moratorium/","date":"2026-08-20","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Spartanburg County","type":"county","state":"SC","action":"adopted","date":"2026-09","length":"one year","ends":null,"scope":"One-year freeze on new data centers, with strict conditions for any facilities attempting to build in the county.","related_project":null,"quote":"Spartanburg County Council voted 5-1 Monday night to approve a one-year freeze on new data centers, adding strict conditions for any facilities attempting to build in the county.","source":{"title":"Spartanburg County Council passes data center moratorium with several amendments","publisher":"FOX Carolina","url":"https://www.foxcarolina.com/2026/09/22/spartanburg-county-council-passes-data-center-moratorium-with-several-amendments/","date":"2026-09-21","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Greenwood County","type":"county","state":"SC","action":"adopted","date":"2026-07","length":"one year","ends":null,"scope":"One-year moratorium on data centers; 4-3 vote on third and final reading.","related_project":null,"quote":"Councilmembers voted 4-3 on Tuesday on the third and final reading of the ordinance.","source":{"title":"Greenwood Co. Council approves final reading of one-year moratorium on data centers","publisher":"FOX Carolina","url":"https://www.foxcarolina.com/2026/07/21/greenwood-co-council-approves-final-reading-one-year-moratorium-data-centers/","date":"2026-07-21","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Durham County","type":"county","state":"NC","action":"adopted","date":"2026-08","length":"nine months","ends":null,"scope":"Nine-month moratorium on new large-scale data centers.","related_project":null,"quote":"Durham County commissioners voted 4-1 Monday night to adopt a nine-month moratorium on new large-scale data centers.","source":{"title":"Durham County approves a nine-month moratorium on large data centers","publisher":"WUNC","url":"https://www.wunc.org/environment/2026-08-26/durham-county-data-center-moratorium","date":"2026-08-26","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Town of Cary","type":"town","state":"NC","action":"adopted","date":"2026-08-27","length":"18 months","ends":null,"scope":"Data center development in the town.","related_project":null,"quote":"Town council on Aug. 27 unanimously approved an 18-month pause on data center development.","source":{"title":"Data center debate: Here's how each county in central NC is handling data center development plans","publisher":"WRAL","url":"https://www.wral.com/news/local/central-north-carolina-data-center-plans-april-2026/","date":"2026-09-16","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"City of Durham","type":"city","state":"NC","action":"adopted","date":"2026-05-04","length":"60 days","ends":null,"scope":"Data center planning and development.","related_project":null,"quote":"On May 4, city council members passed a 60-day moratorium on data center planning and development.","source":{"title":"Data center debate: Here's how each county in central NC is handling data center development plans","publisher":"WRAL","url":"https://www.wral.com/news/local/central-north-carolina-data-center-plans-april-2026/","date":"2026-09-16","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Orange County","type":"county","state":"NC","action":"adopted","date":"2026-04-21","length":"one year","ends":null,"scope":"Data center construction across the county.","related_project":null,"quote":"Commissioners voted unanimously on April 21 to establish a one-year pause on data center construction across the county.","source":{"title":"Data center debate: Here's how each county in central NC is handling data center development plans","publisher":"WRAL","url":"https://www.wral.com/news/local/central-north-carolina-data-center-plans-april-2026/","date":"2026-09-16","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Edgecombe County","type":"county","state":"NC","action":"adopted","date":"2026-08-03","length":"two years","ends":null,"scope":"Data centers in the county.","related_project":null,"quote":"On Aug. 3, the Board of Commissioners reversed course, approving a two-year moratorium on data centers.","source":{"title":"Data center debate: Here's how each county in central NC is handling data center development plans","publisher":"WRAL","url":"https://www.wral.com/news/local/central-north-carolina-data-center-plans-april-2026/","date":"2026-09-16","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Harnett County","type":"county","state":"NC","action":"adopted","date":"2026-05-04","length":"12 months","ends":null,"scope":"Data centers in the county.","related_project":null,"quote":"The Board of Commissioners voted on May 4 to adopt a 12-month data center moratorium.","source":{"title":"Data center debate: Here's how each county in central NC is handling data center development plans","publisher":"WRAL","url":"https://www.wral.com/news/local/central-north-carolina-data-center-plans-april-2026/","date":"2026-09-16","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Cumberland County","type":"county","state":"NC","action":"adopted","date":"2026-06-15","length":"six months","ends":"2026-12","scope":"Data centers in the county.","related_project":null,"quote":"Commissioners adopted a six-month data center moratorium on June 15, which will expire in December.","source":{"title":"Data center debate: Here's how each county in central NC is handling data center development plans","publisher":"WRAL","url":"https://www.wral.com/news/local/central-north-carolina-data-center-plans-april-2026/","date":"2026-09-16","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"McDowell County","type":"county","state":"NC","action":"adopted","date":null,"length":"six months","ends":null,"scope":"Six-month moratorium on data centers, approved unanimously after a public hearing.","related_project":null,"quote":"After the public hearing closed, commissioners voted unanimously for the six-month moratorium.","source":{"title":"McDowell County Commissioners Approve Six-Month Moratorium on Data Centers","publisher":"WCAB News","url":"https://www.wcabnews.com/post/mcdowell-county-commissioners-approve-six-month-moratorium-on-data-centers","date":"2026-09-03","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"City of Charlotte","type":"city","state":"NC","action":"adopted","date":"2026-06","length":"150 days","ends":null,"scope":"Moratorium on data center construction (150 days, per the headline).","related_project":null,"quote":"Charlotte City Council unanimously voted to enact the moratorium Monday night.","source":{"title":"Charlotte enacts 150-day moratorium on data center construction","publisher":"Axios Charlotte","url":"https://www.axios.com/local/charlotte/2026/06/09/charlotte-data-center-moratorium-150-days","date":"2026-06-09","type":"news"}},{"jurisdiction":"Oklahoma City","type":"city","state":"OK","action":"adopted","date":"2026-04","length":null,"ends":"2026-12-31","scope":"Takes effect immediately and remains until Dec. 31, 2026, or earlier if zoning code amendments on data centers are approved.","related_project":null,"quote":"The moratorium takes effect immediately and will remain in place until either December 31, 2026, or earlier if amendments to the City's Zoning Code regarding data centers are approved by City Council.","source":{"title":"Oklahoma City Council approves moratorium on new data centers","publisher":"City of Oklahoma City","url":"https://www.okc.gov/News-articles/Oklahoma-City-Council-approves-moratorium-on-new-data-centers","date":"2026-04-21","type":"government"}},{"jurisdiction":"Lake County","type":"county","state":"IL","action":"adopted","date":"2026-09-08","length":"eight months","ends":null,"scope":"Data centers in unincorporated Lake County.","related_project":null,"quote":"The Lake County Board today approved an eight-month moratorium on data centers in unincorporated Lake County","source":{"title":"Lake County Board Approves Moratorium on Data Centers in Unincorporated Lake County","publisher":"Lake County, 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